WikiToys - New pages [en]

Matchbox Toys

2011-10-05T01:14:38Z

Summary:

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| category=[[:category:Matchbox|> All Articles <]]
| image01=[[Image:Match322405831713f9afeb.jpg|center|175px|thumb|[[Alfa Romeo Giulia Sprint GTA - 1965 (Matchbox)]]]]
| image02=[[Image:Match427111470f3c19fb.jpg|center|175px|thumb|[[Jungle Crawler (Matchbox)]]]]
| image03=[[Image:Match482013940a37b7b4b.jpg|center|175px|thumb|[[Ford F-100 Panel Delivery (Matchbox)]]]]
| image04=[[Image:Match42740470911bab9389b.jpg|center|175px|thumb|[[Jeep Hurricane Concept (Matchbox)]]]]
| image05=[[Image:Match712313ce2b02dz.jpg|center|175px|thumb|[[Tanker Truck (Matchbox)]]]]
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'''Matchbox Toys''' is a popular brand among toy collectors. Originally best known for die-cast toys that can fit in a matchbox, the brand would eventually manufacture a wide range of different sized toys ---larger-scale, die-cast models and non die-cast toys, like action figures and model kits.

==Background==
Beginning in 1947, Leslie Smith and Rodney Smith, unrelated school friends, started Lesney Products, a small contract metal machining business in an abandoned pub in London. In 1948, Leslie and Rodney began producing their first toys - some die-cast, others in tinplate - which gained immediate popularity with the locals. Meanwhile, Rodney maintained another job at Diecast and Machine Tools (DCMT) in London, makers of Budgie and other die-cast toys. It is no coincidence that many Budgie Toys so closely resemble early Matchbox toys. The actual Matchbox brand was adopted in 1953 with the introduction of an assortment of Coronation Coaches. Lesney continued producing Matchbox Toys for the next two decades.

Also employed at the plant from its inception was John W. Odell, better known as "Jack," who contributed his casting skills to the venture. Jack Odell remained with the company until 1981, when he departed for good to form his own Lledo (Odell spelled backwards) toy company around the time that Matchbox Toys was purchased by Universal Holdings of Hong Kong and renamed Matchbox International. Universal held the brand until 1992 when it was sold to Tyco Toys, which was in turn purchased by Mattel in 1994. The Matchbox brand has been owned by Mattel ever since.

[[Category: Matchbox]]

Jeep Hurricane Concept (Matchbox)

2010-12-07T20:32:30Z

Summary:

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| image01=[[Image:Match42740470911bab9389b.jpg|175px|Jeep Hurricane Concept (Matchbox)]]
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[[Category: Matchbox]]

Tanker Truck (Matchbox)

2010-12-07T20:30:16Z

Summary:

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| image01=[[Image:Match712313ce2b02dz.jpg|175px|Tanker Truck (Matchbox)]]
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[[Category: Matchbox]]

Ford F-100 Panel Delivery (Matchbox)

2010-12-07T20:29:37Z

Summary:

{{Template:Matchbox right column 01
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| image01=[[Image:Match482013940a37b7b4b.jpg|175px|Ford F-100 Panel Delivery (Matchbox)]]
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| priceguide=[[Ford F-100 Panel Delivery (Matchbox)#Price Guide|Price Guide]]
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[[Category: Matchbox]]

Jungle Crawler (Matchbox)

2010-12-07T20:28:59Z

Summary:

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| image01=[[Image:Match427111470f3c19fb.jpg|175px|Jungle Crawler (Matchbox)]]
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| priceguide=[[Jungle Crawler (Matchbox)#Price Guide|Price Guide]]
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[[Category: Matchbox]]

Alfa Romeo Giulia Sprint GTA - 1965 (Matchbox)

2010-12-07T20:27:58Z

Summary:

{{Template:Matchbox right column 01
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| image01=[[Image:Match322405831713f9afeb.jpg|175px|Alfa Romeo Giulia Sprint GTA - 1965]]
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| priceguide=[[Alfa Romeo Giulia Sprint GTA - 1965 (Matchbox)#Price Guide|Price Guide]]
|}}

DC Unlimited: World of Warcraft: Series 2

2009-08-13T04:53:39Z

Summary: Previous article was copied from the wowwiki.com article, "Warcraft_action_figures," under the CC-SA License

[[Image:2854498979c935173cb.jpg|400px|thumb|right|Draenei Paladin - World of Warcraft]]
The '''World of Warcraft Series 2 Deluxe Figures''' are produced by DC Unlimited as part of their [[World of Warcraft Collector Figure Series|World of Warcraft collector figure series]]. The are five figures in series 2, four normal and one deluxe.

==Normal Figures ==
===Archilon Shadowheart===
[[Image:29051658365696fb9o.jpg|thumb|right|Human Warrior: Archilon Shadowheart]]
Archilon Shadowheart is a human warrior featured in DC Unlimited's ''World of Warcraft: Series 2'' action figure set. Archilon appears to be wearing the Dreadnaught Battlegear and wielding The Hungering Cold. Archilon has not yet appeared in any other media.

===Broll Bearmantle===
Broll Bearmantle was born with antlers, an extremely rare gift of nature and a sign that one day he would do great deeds. For years people watched as his antlers grew and waited for him to manifest greatness. Over the long centuries he developed into a fine druid — very powerful, an amazing shapeshifter with many forms — but beyond that he seemed nothing special. In time he was further gifted with an idol crafted by the immortal druid Remulos, son of the demigod Cenarius. The idol was connected to a green dragon, and through the dragon Broll was linked to the Emerald Dream. The idol, however, could not help Broll in further developing his powers. He felt he had not fulfilled his promise. His "failure" began to eat at him.

When the Scourge invaded Azeroth, Broll found himself at Mount Hyjal battling undead and demons. His daughter Anessa fought beside him. Broll's command was cut off from the main force. Drawn by his hidden core of druidic power, a group of powerful demons attacked. In his desperation, Broll, for the first time called to the deep earth to protect those who fought beside him. He stood his ground giving the others time to pull back toward the main army as the trees uprooted themselves and attacked undead and demons alike. He had been fighting all-out for hours. He was tiring and in the end the pit lord Azgalor overwhelmed him. Broll dropped the dragon statue as he fell. Azgalor struck the idol with his sword, Spite. The explosion of fel energy from the corrupted statue killed Anessa who was trying to help Broll. However, Broll's valiant sacrifice saved many other lives and contributed greatly for the Alliance's victory.

===Sprocket Gyrospring===
[[Image:2906012734c4d383.jpg|thumb|right|Troll Priest: Zabra Hexx]]
Sprocket Gyrospring is a gnome warrior.Sprocket appears to be wearing the Battlegear of Wrath and wielding the Ashbringer. He rides a mechanostrider. Sprocket has not yet appeared in any other media.

===Zabra Hexx===
Zabra Hexx is a troll priest featured in the [[wikicomics:World of Warcraft: Ashbringer|Ashbringer comic]]. He was the inhabitant of Scarlet Monastery before the Scarlet Crusade took up residence there.

Zabra appears to be wielding Zabra's Misplaced Staff and is the namesake of the Horde Priest Tier 9 set, Zabra's Raiment [http://db.mmo-champion.com/is/848/zabras-raiment/ mmo-champion.com].

Zabra appears in ''Ashes to Ashes'' as a troll who had taken up residence in the Scarlet Monastery and learned the ways of the Light from the books within its Library. He is found by knights of the Silver Hand, led by Alexandros Mograine, who confirm his connection to the Light, saving him from being killed by Brigitte Abbendis. Zabra promises to never forget Alexandros' act of mercy.

Later, he encounters Darion Mograine, who at the time is mourning his father's death. Zabra suggests that the spirit of Alexandros Mograine has not passed on, claiming that he can still feel a connection to Mograine through the Light, though it has been obscured. When Darion asks him about Alexandros' whereabouts, Zabra tells him that he had seen a vision of a fortress floating above Stratholme|a burning city, and then vanishes mysteriously.

== Deluxe Figure ==
===Vindicator Maraad===
Vindicator Maraad is a draenei paladin stationed aboard ''The Skybreaker'' which is flying above Icecrown. He wields a Hammer of the Naaru.

Maraad rescued Garona from Theramore, and revealed that he is Garona's uncle (and therefore Med'an's great uncle). He explained that Gul'dan had bred his sister to one of his warriors (which, considering orcish/draenei relations at the time, implies rape), which resulted in Garona's birth. Once he had learned of his sister's daughter, Maraad began his years-long search for her.<ref>''Secrets''</ref> He has now become a founding member of the New Council of Tirisfal.

[[Category:DC Unlimited]]
[[Category:World of Warcraft]]

Decepticon

2009-08-11T18:58:36Z

[[Image:Dece32930325a89c8bb.jpg|thumb|400px|right|Transformers Are All Dead]]
The '''Decepticons''' ([[Autobots]] being their enemies) are usually depicted as the [[wikipedia: Antagonist| Antagonist]]s in the [[wikipedia: fictional universes| fictional universes]] of the ''[[Transformers]]'' toyline and related comics and cartoons. The villains take many forms, and have many different origins and stories across the numerous different Transformers media, but in almost all incarnations, they are led by [[Megatron]]. They are typically represented by the purple facial insignia they all wear. Primarily, Decepticons have red eyes, while Autobots have blue eyes. They are usually known for their air power, especially since many of them turn into aircraft. They often turn into military vehicles, construction vehicles and even smaller-than-human-sized objects.

Most Decepticons think very little of humans and consider them no better than pests or "insects". This is strongly emphasized in the 2007 film ''[[wikimovies:Transformers|Transformers]]'', when Megatron is seen flicking a human like a bug and saying "disgusting". Another example is when the Decepticon Frenzy complained about how the "stupid insects" tried to shoot him. In the animated series, Starscream works with the human, [[Doctor Arkeville]] and comments about how little he cares about destroying the entire planet Earth in order to achieve his goal.

In the Japanese version of the franchise, the Decepticons are called '''Destron''' or '''Deathtron''' (''Desutoron''). The one exception to this naming convention is ''Car Robots'', where the sub-group referred to as "Decepticons" in the ''Robots in Disguise'' adaptation, is known in Japan as the Combatrons (the Japanese name of the G1 subgroup known as the Combaticons). The overall name of the ''Robots in Disguise'' villain faction is '''Destronger'''.

Other terms for the Decepticons are '''Decepticans''' (in [[wikipedia: France| France]]), '''Distructors''' (in [[wikipedia: Italy| Italy]]), '''Robotikák''' or '''Álcák''' (In [[wikipedia:Hungarian language|Hungarian]]),  '''Bedragarna''' (in [[wikipedia: Sweden| Sweden]]) and '''Shakranikim'''.

== Members ==
:[[List of Decepticons]]

== Transformers: Generation 1 ==
=== Marvel Comics ===
In the Marvel comic continuity, it was established that the Decepticons came out of the gladiator pits on Cybertron. Early on, the leadership of the Decepticons constantly changed due to their tendency to kill and replace their leaders. It would not be until a lowly Decepticon affiliated gladiator named Megatron assumed the throne that the Decepticons became a true threat to the rest of the population of Cybertron.

While Megatron was the primary leader, other Decepticons had prominent roles as leaders of the group. [[Shockwave]], [[Scorponok]], [[Bludgeon]], and [[Ratbat]] all led the Decepticons, often overthrowing Megatron in the process or taking over the group during the period when Megatron was believed dead.

In the G2 Marvel series (which continues from the G1 Marvel series), it is stated that the Decepticon forces on Cybertron underwent a massive split in the wake of Megatron's disappearance when Megatron, Optimus Prime, and their respective troops crashed on Earth. The smartest, strongest, and most intelligent Decepticons left Cybertron to colonize nearby galaxies, leaving a token leadership of overly cruel and duplicitous Decepticons to control Cybertron. These Decepticons who left their homeworld became "The Second Generation" Decepticons, who were led by the villainous [[Liege Maximo]]. On the final page of the last issue, the Liege Maximo indicates that the Decepticons and all their descendants came from him, which indicates that he is the original founder of the Decepticons.

=== Animated series ===
In the original animated series continuity, the Decepticons owe their warlike ways to their faction's origin as military hardware robots, created by the five-faced aliens, the [[Quintessons]], while the Autobots were designed as consumer goods. Following the rebellion that forced the Quintessons off the planet, the Decepticons - as they named themselves - lusting for power, began a civil war. The Autobots could not hope to match the superior firepower and battlefield powers of the Decepticons, and instead turned to stealth, developing the art of transformation, modifying their bodies so that they could assume other forms. With this additional power, the Autobots were able to win the conflict, and a period of peace began, known as the Golden Age of Cybertron, when energy was plentiful and the planet shone with a golden hue.

Working in secret, the Decepticons also developed transformation technology, along with new robot-mode flight powers, and, under the command of one of the first of this new breed, [[Megatron]], they attacked one of the capital's outer cities, killing the current Autobot leader. As the knowledge of this act was not made public, younger robots continued to idolize these powerful new flying robots - until one such young robot, [[Orion Pax]], was duped by Megatron into allowing him access to an energy storage facility. Megatron turned on Pax and fatally injured him, but the ancient Autobot, [[Alpha Trion]], then rebuilt Pax into the first of a new, battle-hardy breed of Autobot - now, he was [[Optimus Prime]], leader of the Autobots, who led them against Megatron and the Decepticons as the civil war erupted once more.

After five million years, Cybertron was nearly depleted of all its energy when the Decepticons received word that the Autobots were planning to search for new energy resources. Following the Autobot ship, the ''[[Ark]]'', in their ship, the ''[[Nemesis]]'', the Decepticons boarded the Ark and engaged the Autobots on their ship. Unfortunately, the Ark drifted too close to Earth and crashed landed in a volcano. All the occupants of the ''Ark'' went into emergency stasis, while the Decepticons on the ''Nemesis'' ejected to South America. There, they scanned the forms of local insects, becoming the [[Insecticons]]. After 4 million years, the volcano the ''Ark'' was wedged in, erupted in Earth year 1984, restarting its computer, ''[[Teletraan I]]''. Sending out Spy Satellites, ''Teletraan'' created alternative forms out of Earth vehicles for any transformers caught in its scanning beam (Like [[F-15 Eagle]]s for [[Skywarp]] and a [[wikipedia: Semi-trailer truck| Semi-trailer truck]] for [[Optimus Prime]]). The Decepticons awakened first but later the Autobots did too, thanks to Starscream's carelessness.

By the Earth year 2005, however, the Decepticons had succeeded in completely conquering Cybertron, but the attack by [[Unicron]], coupled with the temporary loss of [[Galvatron]] (a reconstructed Megatron) in that same year shattered their forces, allowing the Autobots to reclaim their home planet and rout their foes. The Decepticons fled to the planet [[wikipedia: Chaar| Chaar]], a world of ash and ruin, where they struggled to survive until Galvatron returned to them and reorganized them into a fighting force, battling to take back Cybertron.

The Decepticon faction logo as seen in the cartoon series is slightly different from its appearance in every other incarnation of the Transformers. There is an extra spire on the "forehead" of the symbol (resulting in the "forehead" having three spires instead of the usual two). This is because the chromed, "3-D" version of the symbol featured the spot between the two spires going off into the distance, which looked like a third spire, if you weren't considering the image's 3-D nature.

=== IDW Publishing ===
The origins of the Decepticons in the IDW continuity would be explored in ''[[wikicomics: The Transformers: Megatron Origin| The Transformers: Megatron Origin]]'', which confirmed Megatron as their founder in this timeline. On the run after an attack on an Autobot Senator after a mining dispute, Megatron stumbled onto underground gladiator games in the state of Kaon and quickly became one of its rising stars. However, it only truly became more than this when [[Ratbat]], seeing an opportunity for profit, dispatched [[Soundwave]] to arm the gladiators. Megatron's forces then began to commit acts of terrorism increasing in scale and daring, attracting the attention of [[Sentinel Prime]]. Kidnapping Senator Decimus as a symbol (with the help of new airborne recruit [[Starscream]]) Megatron issued a rallying call to the gladiators and their supporter, promising to unite them under one badge and make the whole planet their arena. Prime's forces then found and arrested them en masse. This was all part of Megatron's plan: a supposedly informant Starscream massacred the Autobot Senate and freed the prisoners, signalling revolution and anarchy in Kaon. Megatron eventually killed Prime one-on-one as a symbol, and the Decepticons were forged.

In this continuity, there are a number of differences to the traditional norm. The Decepticons are no longer based on Cybertron due to its devastation by rogue scientist [[Thunderwing]]. Instead, they have spread out through the galaxy, using their transforming abilities to infiltrate target worlds (such as Earth or Nebulos) disguised as local vehicles and equipment. They then use their modes to create conflict, leading to complete anarchy as the world's political and social systems collapse. The Decepticons then move in and harvest the world's raw resources. How the world is pacified is unknown, although the [[wikicomics: The Transformers: Spotlight| The Transformers: Spotlight]] issue on [[Sixshot]] revealed he is often sent in to complete the destruction of entire worlds. As in other continuities, Megatron is in command, and thus far has had to deal with the rebellion of [[Starscream]]'s Earth infiltration unit and the reemergence of Thunderwing, as well as moving on to Earth in order to harvest the extremely powerful [[wikipedia:Energon (power source)|Energon]] variant Ore-13, something which promises to give the Decepticons a significant edge over the Autobots.

== Robots in Disguise ==
In this continuity, the Decepticons were not the name of the evil faction, but rather a sub-faction created by [[Megatron]]. Realising that their ability to travel as Earth vehicles gave the Autobots an edge in stealth (whereas the Predacons mostly transformed into mechanical animals) Megatron decided to take drastic action.

Megatron recovered the protoforms of six Autobots that had crashed to Earth some time before looking for [[wikipedia: Fortress Maximus| Fortress Maximus]]. Scanning them with vehicle modes at a military base and infusing them with a fraction of his spark energy to ensure their new loyalty, the first five became the [[Commandos]]. But when Megatron tried to scan a tanker truck as an alternate mode for the leader [[Scourge]], [[Optimus Prime]] was scanned as well, resulting in much of Prime's personality being scanned as well. With an infusion of Megatron's spark energy to complete the concoction, Scourge was born, emerging from his pod as a dark twin of Optimus Prime, who proved that Megatron's programming had over-ridden any Autobot goodness within him. Appointed leader of the new "Decepticons", they quickly established themselves as a force to be reckoned with.

The newly created Decepticons would try many schemes over the course of the series, including attacking various dams and faking their defection to the Autobots. But their leader, Scourge, had grander ambitions in mind. The copy of Optimus' personality had been warped by Megatron's evil influence, but the individuality of Optimus remained and Scourge now wanted to control both Predacons and Decepticons. He would seize his chance when Fortress Maximus was awakened, directing him to destroy [[Galvatron]] (Megatron's new form). The attempt failed and Galvatron took a terrible revenge - he stripped the Decepticons of their individuality, turning them into little more than drones. After Galvatron's defeat by [[Omega Prime]], the Decepticons were among those sent back to Cybertron for imprisonment, except for [[Sky-Byte]].

== Unicron trilogy ==
The Decepticons appeared as mostly jets and military vehicles.

There are fewer Decepticons in Energon and Cybertron but a lot of Decepticon fleets and troops in Armada. Megatron also upgrades himself to Galvatron. He obtains dark powers at one point.

== 2007 live-action movie ==
The Decepticons make an appearance in the 2007 [[wikimovies:Transformers (film)|the ''Transformers'' live-action film]]. They include [[Megatron]], [[Starscream]], [[Frenzy]], [[Blackout]], [[Barricade]], [[Scorponok]], [[Brawl]] and [[Bonecrusher]]. The [[wikimovies:Transformers: The Movie Prequel|Movie Prequel comic]] by [[wikipedia: IDW Publishing| IDW Publishing]] would reveal their origins. Originally Optimus Prime and Megatron ruled Cybertron together, due to the power of the [[Allspark]], a mysterious device that could give life to Transformers - and keep Cybertron itself alive. Eventually, Megatron began to desire its power for himself and assembled a like-minded army of separatists - the Decepticons. Megatron soon struck, and Cybertron became embroiled in civil war. The subsequent prequel novel ''[[wikipedia: Transformers: Ghosts of Yesterday| Transformers: Ghosts of Yesterday]]'' revealed that Starscream seized command of the Decepticons after Megatron's disappearance.

Like the Autobots, the Decepticons are designed to look more organic in the movie. While the Autobots have a more human-like physiology, the Decepticons are more monstrous and insect-like in appearance.

== Transformers: Animated ==

In ''Transformers: Animated'' the Decepticons are usually bigger than the Autobots and usually turn into jets and military vehicles. It takes a group of Autobots to defeat one Decepticon and almost all decepticons have red eyes and can fly. Most Decepticons in the series are similar to the original G1 series. In the Animated Series [[wikipedia: Blitzwing| Blitzwing]], for example, retains his triple changer protoforms of a tank and jet and also retains his G1 tan and purple color scheme.

== Transformers: Timelines ==
A series of stories printed by Fun Publications, set in a variety of continuities, the Decepticons of alternate worlds can vary greatly from the classics Decepticon image. In the ''Transtech'' storyline the Autobots and Decepticons are merely political factions on a Cybertron which never broke out into war. Lines between good and evil are more blurred.

In the ''Shattered Glass'' storyline, a group of Decepticons, lead by Megatron, are the mirror images of the personalities of most Decepticons. In this world the Decepticon logo is red, and worn by heroic Transformers who seek to protect the weak and oppressed from the evil Autobots.

== See also ==
* [[List of Decepticons]]
* [[Seekers]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Transformers factions]]
[[Category:Fictional warrior races]]
[[Category:Decepticons|*]]

Autobot

2009-08-11T18:26:57Z

Summary:

[[Image:Autobot32346949155d1cc1.jpg|350px|thumb|right|Grimlock - Transformers Autobot]]
'''Autobot''', a faction of [[wikipedia: sentient| sentient]] [[wikipedia: robots| robots]] from the planet Cybertron, are usually the main [[wikipedia: protagonist| protagonist]]s in the fictional universe of the [[Transformers]], a collection of various toys, graphic novels, paperback books, cartoons and movies first introduced in 1984. In all but one Transformer story, the "Heroic Autobots" are opposed by the "Evil [[wikipedia: Decepticon| Decepticon]]s"—the main [[wikipedia: antagonist| antagonist]]s in Transformers. Both Autobots and Decepticons are [[wikipedia: humanoid robot| humanoid robot]]s that can transform into machines, vehicles and other familiar mechanical objects. Autobots often turn into civilian vehicles but some are aircraft and [[wikipedia: military| military]] vehicles. While the Autobots have usually found themselves outnumbered by the Decepticons (early in generation 1 they outnumbered the Decepticons 2 to 1), the Autobots have always had home-field advantage, having not only the human's military support, but also having more places on Earth to fall back on, while the Decepticons are entirely unwelcome on Earth.

The primary protagonist and commander of the Autobots on Earth is usually [[Optimus Prime]].

== History/origin ==
In all Transformers stories, the Autobots and their adversaries, the [[Decepticon]]s, originated on the [[wikipedia: planet| planet]] Cybertron. The planet is almost always depicted as a purely metallic body.<ref>Marvel US issue #1, page 1, panel 2: "No rock or soil or sand contributed to its bizarre geography." "Its content was entirely mechanical."</ref> The capital of Cybertron is Iacon. In later issues of the Marvel comic line, Cybertron is shown to have weather, such as rain.<ref>Marvel US issue #76, page 9-19</ref>

=== Hasbro toys ===
[[wikipedia: Hasbro| Hasbro]] launched the Transformers toy line with eighteen different Autobot characters, all of whom transformed into automobiles, while the ten distinct Decepticons (seven packages as three came two to a box/pack) were weapons, aircraft and communications equipment. Many of the Transformers were based on [[wikipedia: Takara| Takara]] designs.

=== Marvel comics ===
Both Autobots and Decepticons were created by [[Primus]], or God who made everything including humans (check in the Bible.) In most continuities this is still the case. Though Marvel's original series gave no purpose other than benevolent self-image creation for Transformers, some continuities add/modify that the Transformers were created to defend the universe.

=== Television cartoon/movie ===

In the original U.S. [[wikipedia: cartoon| cartoon]] line, Autobots were the descendants of a line of robots created as consumer goods by the [[wikipedia: Quintessons| Quintessons]] on the planet [[wikipedia: Cybertron| Cybertron]]. Their bodies were forged by the [[wikipedia: Plasma Energy Chamber| Plasma Energy Chamber]] and given intelligence by the mega-computer [[wikipedia: Vector Sigma| Vector Sigma]] in order for the work to be carried out. Eventually, they developed sentience and rebelled against their creators. However, A-3, the resistance leader was displaced from time by Quintessons from the future in order to stop the insurgency. The resistance had help from future Autobots (whose transformation technology frightened them) and A-3 returned to turn the tide by activating his coda-remote which deactivated the Quintessons' Dark [[wikipedia:Omega Supreme|Guardian Robots]].

With the Quintessons cast off and forgotten, Cybertron was at peace. The consumer goods and military hardware bots renamed themselves as Autobots and Decepticons. However, the Decepticons wanted war. No match for the superior firepower and battle prowess of the Decepticons , the Autobots developed transformation technology (possibly with the help of the Dark Guardians) to win the war, bringing about the Golden Age of Cybertron. Eventually, the Decepticons also developed transformation and began the third Cybertronian War. They would have succeeded in completing their conquest had not more time-displaced Autobots blown up an energy warehouse and brought its workers to A-3, now renamed [[wikipedia: Alpha Trion| Alpha Trion]], as the new defenders of Cybertron.

For five million years, the Cybertronians warred over the remaining energy that was left. With this crisis, the Autobots, headed by Optimus Prime, made an expedition to find new energy sources. But the Decepticons intercepted them, causing the Autobot ship ''Ark'' to crash-land on Earth.(During the next four million years the ''Beast Wars'' Occur on Earth.

Four million years later in 1984, the volcano that the Ark was wedged in erupted, jarring the Ark's main computer [[wikipedia: Teletraan I|Teletraan I]] back online. Through use of Spy Satellites, Teletraan created new alternate forms for the Transformers out of earth vehicles (Like [[wikipedia: F-15 Eagle| F-15 Eagle]]s for Starscream and a [[wikipedia: Semi-trailer truck| Semi-trailer truck]] for [[Optimus Prime]]). The Decepticons were revived first and then the Autobots due to [[wikipedia: Starscream| Starscream]]'s carelessness. The Autobots made an alliance with the local humans, thus beginning the Great War.

After waging the war for 21 years, the Autobots created [[Autobot City]] as their main base of operations while the Decepticons got complete control of Cybertron. In 2005, the Decepticons launched an attack on the city, resulting in the death of Optimus Prime. Optimus managed to pass the Matrix of Leadership to [[Ultra Magnus]] before his passing. The city then received messages from the bases on Cybertron's moons being devoured by the transformer demi-god [[Unicron]]. After another Decepticon attack, the Autobots were scattered to two planets, Junk and Quintessa. Forming new allies on those planets, the Autobots headed for Cybertron. A young Autobot named [[Hot Rod]] used the recovered [[wikipedia: Matrix of Leadership| Matrix of Leadership]] from [[Galvatron]] (formerly [[Megatron]]) to destroy Unicron and became [[Rodimus Prime]]. With the Decepticons in disarray, the Autobots reclaimed Cybertron, bringing about a new age of peace and prosperity.

In 2006, the Great War still raged. But both sides rediscovered the existence of the Quintessons. After numerous battles, the Hate Plague was unleashed. Rodimus ordered the uninfected Autobots to search for a Quintesson to revive Optimus Prime. An uninfected Quintesson was found and forced to restore Optimus Prime to life. Optimus would then recover the Matrix by defeating an infected Rodimus Prime, and cure the galaxy of the plague.

After one year of peace, Galvatron gained access to the Plasma Energy Chamber. He planned to move Cybertron to Earth and use the Chamber's energies to overload the sun. However, all this was planned by Vector Sigma who wanted to restore Cybertron's Golden Age. Thanks to sam Witwicky and the allied-Nebulons, Cybertron regained its golden hue. Optimus knew that there will always be Decepticons and the Autobots will always stop them.

On the cartoon, a majority of the Autobots had a blue eye color, while most of the [[Decepticons]] had a red eye color.

=== Post-'80s comics ===
Each of the various later Transformers comic incarnations had differing origin stories, generally based on fictions provided in the 1980s comic and cartoon series.

=== Post-'80s cartoons ===
Each of the various later Transformers cartoon incarnations had differing origin stories, generally based on fictions provided in the 1984 cartoon (and occasionally comic) series. The one exception was [[Beast Wars]], by which time most Autobots had been retrofitted into Maximals. This CG series and its sequel [[Beast Machines]] used the G1 cartoon as a historical base.

=== 2007 live-action movie ===
[[Image:Autob235191d1dc16o.jpg|thumb|right|Optimus Prime front]]
In the [[wikipedia: live-action| live-action]] film "''[[wikimovies:Transformers (film)|Transformers]]''", the Autobots arrived on [[wikipedia: Earth| Earth]] to find the [[wikipedia:Allspark#Transformers 2007 movie|AllSpark]] in an effort to restore a destroyed [[Cybertron]]. The beginning of the movie, narrated by [[Optimus Prime]], indicates that all life on Cybertron came from a "cube." In the beginning, Optimus Prime and Megatron ruled Cybertron together. However, Megatron soon began to desire the power of the AllSpark. To counter Megatron, Optimus formed the Autobots, a militia of civilian Transformers sworn to protect the AllSpark. Throughout the evolution of the Transformers, wars brought on the demise of their planet. Although the Autobots initially make a poor first impression with the authorities, the US government is eventually convinced by [[wikipedia:Witwicky family#Sam (Samuel James Witwicky)|Sam Witwicky]] that they are allies against the true threat of the Decepticons and cooperate to help them in the battle to keep the AllSpark away from the enemy. During the battle, all the Decepticons are destroyed, except for [[Starscream]], Barricade and [[Scorponok]], but the Autobots lose one of their members, [[Jazz]]. Optimus Prime decides to make Earth their new home.

The word "Autobot", according to Ratchet, is an abbreviation of the phrase '''Auto'''nomous ro'''bot'''ic organisms, making it seem like Autobot is likely the Transformers species name in this continuity.

=== ''Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen'' ===
In [[wikimovies:Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen|this sequel]] live-action film, the surviving Autobots from the previous film, as well as newer arrivals, serve as part of a top secret joint USA-UK military strike force codenamed NEST, which is dedicated to hunting and destroying Decepticons around the world. In this organization, Major William Lennox and [[Optimus Prime]] share field command of the human military personnel and the Autobot members respectively. The only exception to this assignment is [[Bumblebee]] who stays with the Witwickys as their bodyguard.

Although NEST has a productive history dealing with the Decepticons, a successful mission in [[wikipedia: Shanghai| Shanghai]], which caused excessive collateral damage, drew criticism from the team's government superior American National Security Advisor Galloway. He further suggests that since the primary Decepticon goal, gaining the remaining portions of the [[AllSpark]], is likely out of reach, the Autobots should leave the planet to draw their war with their enemy away. This conclusion is completely discredited when the Decepticons reappear in force to both steal that item and successfully revive [[Megatron]]. Furthermore, their execution of their superior's ([[Fallen]]) plan to destroy the [[wikipedia: Sun| Sun]] reveals that numerous Decepticons are present on [[wikipedia: Earth| Earth]], which more than justifies the Autobots' participation in National Defense affairs, especially since the enemy leaders, Megatron and [[Starscream]], escape upon their plan's defeat. According to related materials, Bumblebee remains responsible for the Witwickys' security. [[Arcee]], a [[wikipedia: Ducati| Ducati]] motorcycle, amongst other [[Autobots]] make their live-action debut.

==Members==
[[Image:Autob3232dac1ef5cb.jpg|400px|thumb|right|Grimlock - Transformers Autobot]]
*[[Optimus Prime]] (2007 & 2009 film)
*[[Bumblebee]] (2007 & 2009 film)
*[[Ironhide]] (2007 & 2009 film)
*[[Mirage]]
*[[Jazz]] (2007 film)
*[[Ratchet]] (2007 & 2009 film)
*[[Sentinel Prime]]
*[[Arcee]] (2009 film)
*[[Chromia]] (2009 film)
*[[Flareup]] (2009 film)
*[[Sideswipe]] (2009 film)
*[[Sunstreaker]]
*[[Powerglide]]
*[[Silverbolt]]
*[[Breakaway]]
*[[Jetfire]] (2009 film)
*[[Jolt]] (2009 film)
*[[Skids]] (2009 film)
*[[Mudflap]] (2009 film)
*[[Hot Shot]]
*[[Red Alert]]
*[[Prowl]]
*[[Wheeljack]]
*[[Omega Prime]]
*[[Elita One]]
*[[Longarm]]
*[[Bluestreak]]
*[[Hound]]
*[[Protectobots]]
*[[Aerialbots]]
*[[Rodimus Prime]]
*[[Lio Convoy]]
*[[Big Convoy]]
*[[Dai Atlas]]
*[[Alpha Trion]]
*[[Star Saber]]
*[[Prime Nova]]
*[[Ginrai]]
*[[Ultra Magnus]]
*[[Prima]]
*[[Prime Nova]]
*[[Primus]]
*[[Grimlock]]
*[[Fortress Maximus]]
*[[Vector Prime]]
*[[Bulkhead]]
*[[Maximals]]
*[[Salvage]]
*[[Junkions]]
*[[Landmine]]
*[[Cliffjumper]]
*[[Kup]]
*[[Smokescreen]]

== Prime ==
The ''Prime'' title is a direct [[wikipedia:natural language|linguistic]] [[wikipedia:descent|descendant]] of Primus. It identifies the one Autobot Commander that is entrusted with the [[wikipedia:Matrix of Leadership|Creation Matrix]], also known as the Autobot Matrix of Leadership. The Matrix is said to choose its own holder and when it is taken by a new leader (at the old leader's death), it transforms him into a larger, more powerful, wiser Autobot commander. Holders of the Matrix become one with the Matrix, such that when the holder dies, his [[Spark]] — the Transformer [[wikipedia: Vitalism|life-force]] — is absorbed into the Matrix.

Holders of the Matrix, from the beginning of time (as per the Marvel continuity),<ref name="Marvel US Creation Matrix holders">"We are Primus. We are Prima. We are Prime Nova. We are Sentinel Prime. We are Optimus Prime." - "We are THUNDERWING!" (from Marvel US issue 65, pages 25 (panel 5) & 27 (panel 1)</ref> are:
: [[Primus]]
: [[Prima]]
: [[Prime Nova]]
: [[Sentinel Prime]]
: [[Optimus Prime]]
: [[Rodimus Prime]]
: [[Vector Prime]]
: [[Fallen]]
For a brief time, the Decepticon [[Thunderwing]] held the matrix, but when Optimus Prime reclaimed it, Thunderwing's presence was purged from the Matrix.

== Autobot leaders ==
In most continuities the Autobot commander is [[Optimus Prime]]. However, in Transformers Animated [[Ultra Magnus]] is leader of the Autobots.

=== Hasbro toys ===
Optimus Prime was among the first Transformers released from Hasbro in 1984. The character listing/mini-poster that came inside Transformer packaging identified him as "Autobot Commander," as contrasted with [[Megatron]]'s title of "Decepticon Leader."

=== Marvel US comics ===
Optimus Prime first appeared in issue #1 of Marvel's 4-issue limited series (which was extended into the main series). He led a large team of Autobots on a space mission to clear asteroids that threatened to destroy Cybertron. The initial pages did not indicate that Optimus was the mightiest or highest-ranking of the Autobots, but that series solidly established Prime as a capable leader and clearly the commander of the Autobot team that went out to clear the asteroids.

Through the comic's 80-issue run, Optimus Prime would be killed off and resurrected several times. During his absences, other Autobot officers took on the mantle of leadership within the Earth-bound Autobots. They included [[Prowl]], [[Grimlock]], [[Fortress Maximus]], and others. In a future timeline (one that, per events in the "present," can no longer come to pass), the Autobots are commanded by [[Rodimus Prime]].

=== Marvel UK comics ===
The UK office of Marvel published comics much more often, usually weekly compared to monthly for the US comic. To accomplish this, the UK comics had additional storylines that were never included in US continuity (and are debated as to their canon-authenticity). In the UK series, much more is learned about Autobot commander Rodimus Prime, whereas in the US continuity, he is only briefly seen, most probably dead, as a prisoner of Galvatron.

=== Television cartoon/movie ===
In the animated television series, Optimus Prime was commander of the Autobots until his death in the opening minutes of ''Transformers: The Movie'', where he passes on command to [[Ultra Magnus]]. Ultimately, [[Hot Rod]] is reformatted into [[Rodimus Prime]] by the [[wikipedia:Matrix of Leadership|Autobot Matrix of Leadership]] and takes command of the Autobots (in the closing minutes of the movie), leading them in the continuing television series until the resurrection of Optimus, who reassumes command.

=== Post-'80s comics ===
Transformers were brought back to life through later comic and television runs. Commanders of the Autobots in these retellings, reimaginings, prequels and continuations included:
* [[Sentinel Prime]] – The Autobots commander immediately prior to Optimus Prime.
* [[Optimus Prime]]
* [[Optimus Primal]]
:: When Optimus Prime was seriously injured (almost fatally) by [[wikipedia:Megatron (Beast Wars and Beast Machines)|Megatron]] in Season 3 of Beast Wars, Optimus Primal took charge of Optimus Prime's spark. The exposure of Optimus Primal's body to Optimus Prime's spark caused him to be reformated into [[Optimal Optimus]]. For the brief period Optimal Optimus carried Prime's spark, he seemed to be possessed by Optimus Prime, with a slightly noticeable change in voice and demeanor.
* [[Ultra Magnus]] – Commander of the Cybertron-based Autobots in the Dreamwave comics, volume II. Also vice-commander of the Autobot forces in the original television series' third season (and ''[[wikipedia: Transformers: Headmasters| Transformers: Headmasters]]'').

=== Post-'80s cartoons ===
Similarly, a resurgence of interest in the Transformers also brought about many new cartoons; among the Autobot commanders in these were:
* [[Optimus Prime]]
* [[Ultra Magnus]]
* [[Elita One]]- Female Autobot Commander
* [[Optimus Primal]]- Maximal Commander
* [[Rodimus Prime]]- actually [[Hot Rod]] with the Autobot Matrix of Leadership
* [[Prima]]
* [[Vector Prime]]
* [[Prime Nova]]
* [[Guardian Prime]]
* [[Ginrai]]- actually is Powermaster Optimus Prime
* [[Sentinel Prime]]
* [[Omega Prime]]
* [[Alpha Trion]]
* [[Star Saber]]
* [[Star Convoy]]- actually is Optimus Prime returning
* [[Lio Convoy]]
* [[Big Convoy]]
* [[Dai Atlas]]

== See also ==
* [[List of Autobots]]

== References ==
* [[wikipedia:Marvel Comics|Marvel]] (US) Comics ''Transformers'' series, issues 1-80.
* [[wikipedia: Dreamwave Productions| Dreamwave Productions]] ''Transformers'' series.
* [[wikipedia:Marvel Comics|Marvel]] (UK) Comics ''Transformers'' series.
* [http://www.paramount.com Paramount]/[http://www.dreamworks.com Dreamworks] 2007 ''[[wikimovies:Transformers|Transformers]]'' Film.
* [http://www.hasbro.com Hasbro] ''Transformers'' toy line, 1984 through present (both toys and packaging).

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.tfwiki.net/wiki/Autobot Autobots] at [http://www.tfwiki.net TFWIKI.Net, The Transformers Wiki]

[[Category:Transformers]]
[[Category:Autobots| ]]

Micro Change

2009-08-11T02:34:52Z

Summary:

[[wikipedia:Takara|Takara Toys]]' 1982 '''Micro Change''' series of toys were part of the 1980 [[New Microman]] toy line and were small household objects that could transform into vehicles or artificially intelligent robot characters that fought alongside their 10-centimeter tall alien cyborg [[Microman]] creators against the evil [[Acroyears]].

The line was combined with [[wikipedia: Takara|Takara]]'s 1982 [[Car-Robots]] series of [[Diaclone]] toys by [[wikipedia: Hasbro| Hasbro]] in 1984 to create the [[Transformers]]. The transformers Megatron, Soundwave, Blaster, cassettecons/casettebots, Browning came from this line.

[[Category:Toys of the 1980s]]
[[Category:Transformers]]
[[Category:Transforming toy robots]]

Diaclone

2009-08-11T02:31:36Z

Summary: New page: '''Diaclone''' was a toyline by [[wikipedia:Takara|Takara Toys]] launched in 1980. It consisted of transforming vehicles and robots piloted by miniature, magnet-shoed figures spun off from...

'''Diaclone''' was a toyline by [[wikipedia:Takara|Takara Toys]] launched in 1980. It consisted of transforming vehicles and robots piloted by miniature, magnet-shoed figures spun off from the prior [[Microman]] toy line that were in turn called an [[Inch-Man]].

The toys in the 1980 line were designed by future [[Macross]] designers [[wikipedia: Shoji Kawamori| Shoji Kawamori]] and [[wikipedia: Kazutaka Miyatake| Kazutaka Miyatake]] (both contracted from [[wikipedia: Studio Nue| Studio Nue]]), who designed the mecha and the figures respectively. Unlike Microman, which featured "full-scale" toys of its 10 centimeter tall alien cyborgs, the figures in Diaclone represented full-sized human (and enemy alien [[Waruder]]) pilots, and were in approximately 1/60th scale.

In 1982, the line later featured the [[Car-Robots]] set of transforming robot toys, invented by [[wikipedia: Koujin Ohno| Koujin Ohno]] with some initial designs by Kawamori and others. While the original series featured fanciful robots and vehicles, Car-Robots added the feature of the robots being able to disguise themselves as various late 20th century-era contemporary vehicles. In 1984, [[wikipedia: Hasbro| Hasbro]] licensed the Car-Robots toyline along with the Microman "[[Micro Change]]" toyline from Takara and merged the two series of toys to create the [[Transformers]]. Most of the original [[Autobot]] vehicle-based characters came from the Car-Robots set of Diaclone robots. Other Transformers characters that came from the Diaclone line included the [[Dinobots]], [[Insecticons]] (from the enemy [[Waruder]] toys), the [[Decepticon]] planes (originally from 2 "JetRobo" toys, produced in the colors of future Decepticons [[Starscream]] and [[Thundercracker]]) and the [[Constructicons]], who also came from the Car-Robots set. The [[Constructicons]] came from near the end of the series, at which point Takara was starting to abandon the Inch-Man pilot figures and being limited to the 1/60th scale. The 6 TrainRobo were also produced in the same sub-line as the Constructicons, but would only become Transformers (as the Trainbots) in Japan's 1987 line.

Takara eventually discontinued the Diaclone and Microman toylines in 1985 in favor of the more successful [[Transformers]] rebranding.

==External links==
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Ap88xLFp14 Multiforce 14/Warudaros commercial]
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_590CkmWJ7I Commercial for Battle Convoy, later known as Optimus Prime]
*[http://spacebridge2000.tripod.com/diaclone.html ''Project Diaclone'']
*[http://www.geocities.com/futuristgroup/vdiaclone.html ''Pre-Transformers'']

[[Category:Toys of the 1980s]]
[[Category:Transformers]]
[[Category:Transforming toy robots]]

Transformers: Generation 2

2009-08-11T01:53:56Z

Summary:

[[Image:Transf3616350957b22210.jpg|350px|thumb|right|Transformers: Gen 2 — Mixmaster — Carded Front]]
'''''Transformers: Generation 2''''' (also known as '''''Generation Two''''' or '''''G2''''') is the name used to refer to a [[wikipedia:Transformers Universes|Transformers]] [[toy]] line, [[wikipedia: television series| television series]] and [[wikicomics:comic book|comic book]] series which ran from 1993-1995. The prior Transformer television series, comic books and toys were retroactively termed as 'Generation 1', and are officially referred to as such even though the term was never used during their original runs. ''Generation 2'' ends as the first ''[[wikipedia: Beast Wars: Transformers| Beast Wars: Transformers]]'' toys were made. Due to the typeface used on the word ''Transformers'', some collectors consider ''Beast Wars'' to be a continuation or spinoff of ''Generation 2''.

==Toy line==
''Generation 2'' Transformers toys were notable because of the changed [[Autobot]] and [[Decepticon]] [[wikipedia: symbol| symbol]]s, changes made to the toys for child safety purposes, and the common use of bright vivid colors. The first and second years of toys in ''Generation 2'' were filled with many remolds of classic original Transformers (now referred to as 'Generation 1' or 'G1') toys. A larger percentage of toys featured electronic lights and sounds, and the rerelease of the G1 Optimus Prime featured an additional electronic soundpack.

The second year of Generation 2 featured many new characters and molds, but with the popularity of the classic names among the fans, many of the original Generation 1 toys started being recolored and given classic names from the beginning of the series.

The final year of Generation 2 saw many of the toys in its line packaged on cards that did not carry the "Generation 2" subtitle under the Transformers name. The two most prominent lines under this banner were the Cyberjets (3 small jet fighter/robots in 6 color schemes with ball-and-socket joints when transformed to robot mode) and the Go-Bots. The Go-Bots were 1:64 scale cars (compatible with some [[Hot Wheels]] and [[Matchbox]] tracks) that transformed into equally small robots carrying guns. Although there were 6 different car models used to create them, each car transformed similarly with only details setting them apart. There were about 15 different Go-Bots produced, with several seeing color variants due to a partial tooling change (to accommodate newer Go-Bots being modeled after classic G1 characters). Despite the 3 Cyberjet molds being sold as 3 Autobot and 3 Decepticon characters respectively, 2 of the Autobots ([[Jetfire]] and [[Strafe]]) were decaled with G2 Decepticon emblems on their tailfins.

Many molds and recolors intended for release in Generation 2 never made it past prototypes. Some were utilized in later lines like [[Machine Wars]] (as the basic sized flip changers) and [[Robots in Disguise]] (as Spy Changers).

==Comic books==
[[Image:TransformersGeneration21.jpg|right|First issue of Generation 2.]]
[[wikipedia: Marvel Comics| Marvel Comics]] produced a gritty, 12 issue ''[[wikicomics:Transformers: Generation 2|Transformers: Generation 2]]'' comic book series. Produced early in the toy line, it features a few new Generation 2 characters, as well as many characters from the original series. The story concerned a form of Transformers, who called themselves [[Cybertronian]]s, having evolved past Autobot or Decepticon. There was also an overarching enemy, The Swarm, which was slowly approaching the Earth, threatening all Transformers in its path. In his search to discover the nature of the enemy, [[Optimus Prime]] went into the matrix, discovering that the Swarm was actually a byproduct of an early form of Transformer reproduction.

As a part of the Generation 2 line, several characters were given new forms, such as [[Megatron]] becoming a [[wikipedia: tank| tank]] due to the efforts of [[wikipedia:Cobra Organization|Cobra]] in [[G.I. Joe]] (Marvel) #139. New characters appeared briefly towards the end of the series, such as the [[Rotor-Force]] and [[Color-Change Transformers|Color-Changers]].

In Japan, both ''TV Magazine'' story pages and mini-comics packaged with toys told a different G2 story. Set in the animated series' timeline (specifically after the end of ''Battlestars: Return of Convoy'' and therefore ''Operation Combination'' ), the story tells of a true time of peace between Autobots and Decepticons, known as the ''Cybertron Alliance'', until human soldiers accidentally kill one of Megatron's most loyal followers, causing for him to upgrade to his "Combat Hero" form and causing the war to start yet again. The story also featured a fairly bleak storyline and an art style somewhat similar to the Marvel comics, but was different by focusing more on the "new mold" characters (i.e: The Laser Rods, Laser Cycles, and Cyberjets) and introducing things such as a ''Reconfiguration Matrix'', which allowed Prime to change from his ''Hero'' form to his ''Laser'' form after nearly being fatally wounded in battle against Megatron. The story ends with Laser Optimus Prime defeating Megatron, who then leads the Decepticons into space after his defeat, while Prime himself is aided off of the battlefield, wounded, but victorious.

Dreamwave comics, who produced several Transformers titles, had several Generation 2 characters make cameos in their stories including the [[Turbomaster]]s and [[Axelerator]]s. (Although technically the Turbomasters were released in Europe at the end of Generation 1, they were re-released in Generation 2.)

==External links==
* [http://www.transforce.org.uk/alignmentbook.swf Alignment] - [[wikipedia: Simon Furman| Simon Furman]]'s prose conclusion to the Generation 2 comic book and overall, the Marvel Comics continuity

[[Category:Transformers]]

Transformers

2009-05-21T18:50:27Z

Summary: /* Overview */

[[Image:Transf89907559e731e1eo.jpg|thumb|350px|right|G1 Autobot Car – Sunstreaker – Loose Front]]
[[Image:Trans33889909d11b9d1a01.jpg|thumb|350px|right|G1 Autobot Car – Sunstreaker – Alt-Mode – Loose Isometric]]
'''''Transformers: Generation 1''''' (also known as '''''Generation One''''' or '''''G1''''') was the original [[wikipedia:Transformers universes|Transformers]] toy line produced from 1984 to 1991. The series was simply called ''The Transformers'' until the relaunch in 1992 was titled ''[[Transformers: Generation 2]]'', after which fans applied the name Generation 1 (later made official by Hasbro) as a method of separating the different Transformers eras. Often the word "The" is omitted from the name.

==Overview==
The line was born when Hasbro representatives went to the 1983 Tokyo Toy Show in search of prospective toys that they could import to the [[wikipedia:North America|North America]] market. At the time, [[wikipedia:Takara|Takara]] was showcasing several transforming-robot toy lines, most particularly the ''[[Diaclone]]'' and ''[[Micro Change]]'' series. Hasbro bought the rights to produce the toys, but decided to release them under a single brand to avoid confusing the market with several series with the same theme.

Prior to the Hasbro deal, Takara briefly sold ''Diaclone'' toys in specialty toy shops in the U.S. under the "Diakron" moniker, while in some parts of Europe, ''Diaclone'' enjoyed a small following with a comic book series for that market.

Hasbro had a business relationship with [[wikipedia:Marvel Comics|Marvel Comics]], which had successfully produced the Hasbro tie-in comic book ''[[wikicomics:G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero|G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero]]'', based on the Hasbro [[action figure]]. Marvel was approached once again to provide a [[wikipedia:backstory|backstory]] for the new toy line. Marvel editor-in-chief [[wikipedia:Jim Shooter|Jim Shooter]] and writer [[wikipedia:Dennis O'Neil| Dennis O'Neil]] created an overall story, and editor [[wikipedia: Bob Budiansky| Bob Budiansky]] was brought in to create names and profiles for the characters.

When the toy line was released, it was supported by the Marvel Comics series, an [[wikipedia: animated television series| animated television series]], and a gamut of other merchandising tie-ins. In 1986 [[wikimovies: The Transformers| The Transformers]] was released, generating $5,706,456 in the United States.<ref>[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0092106/business IMDB]</ref>

==Premise==
[[Image:Transformersb27bc8169.jpg|thumb|right|The original build-a-figure concept started with this series. Pieces of Metroplex came in certain boxes]]
The setup for ''Transformers'' is that there are clearly two distinct factions: the heroic [[Autobot]]s and the evil [[Decepticon]]s. Both sides are from a race called Transformers - robots that can change into vehicles, mechanical devices and even animal forms. The two factions waged war for eons on their home planet of [[wikipedia: Cybertron| Cybertron]]. Then, 4 million years ago, a group from each side crash-landed on [[wikipedia: prehistoric| prehistoric]] [[wikipedia: Earth| Earth]], reawakening in the present day to do battle once more.

This initial premise, in all three media (toys, TV series and comics), became more cosmic in scale as time passed. More stories began to be set in outer space and on alien worlds, especially after ''[[wikimovies: The Transformers| The Transformers]]''.

Two characters - each the greatest leader of his side, became the most iconic representatives of the series: [[wikipedia: Optimus Prime| Optimus Prime]] of the [[wikipedia: Autobots| Autobots]] and [[wikipedia: Megatron|Megatron]] of the [[wikipedia: Decepticons| Decepticons]]. After the featured film, Megatron was reformed as [[wikipedia: Galvatron| Galvatron]], and Optimus Prime was replaced for a time by [[wikipedia: Rodimus Prime| Rodimus Prime]], only to return later on. Both Optimus Prime and Megatron continued to appear in one form or another in subsequent ''Transformers'' series, where they maintained their leadership roles.

==Line history==
===1984 to 1985===
The 1984-85 lines became the foundation of the Generation 1 series, with all of the classic characters introduced here. The two years were actually one single run, story-wise and thematically. This is most evident in the first and second seasons of the animated series.

The toys made use of molds and designs primarily from the ''Microman'' and ''Diaclone'' lines. The 1985 toyline introduced the idea of special subgroup teams like the [[wikipedia: Dinobots| Dinobots]], [[wikipedia: Constructicons| Constructicons]] and [[wikipedia: Insecticons| Insecticons]]. Toward the end of the animated series’ second season, several characters from the 1986 line were introduced, particularly the Combiner teams.

===1986===
[[Image:Trans38898c823a399.jpg|thumb|right|G1 Autobot Jumpstarter – Topspin – Loose Front]]
The year of 1986 saw the last use of the ''Microman'' and ''Diaclone'' molds. From this point, Hasbro began using original designs for many characters. This was a banner year for the toy line as the tie-in animated feature, ''[[wikimovies: The Transformers| The Transformers]]'', was finally released. While the movie was not the blockbuster hasbro hoped for, it marked a change in the direction the series in general was taking.

1986 was also the last year Hasbro used a non-Takara toy for the line (Sky Lynx, originally manufactured by ToyBox).<ref>[http://www.tfarchive.com/toys/reviews/reiss_skylynx.php TFArchive - Sky Lynx]</ref>

New characters [[wikipedia: Rodimus Prime| Rodimus Prime]] and [[wikipedia: Galvatron| Galvatron]] replaced Optimus Prime and Megatron in their respective roles. Subgroup teams became prevalent. The number of new characters increased from this year on. The TV series followed the movie and was now set in the future while the comics’ storyline continued to be set in the present time.

===1987===
[[Image:Transf88e4e2282eo.jpg|thumb|right|TF: Decepticon Micromasters – Terror-Tread/Cement-Head – Alt-Mode – Loose Combined Isometric]]
As ''Transformers'' went on, new characters needed new gimmicks to stand out. As the number of Combiner teams had been reduced, the [[Headmasters]] and [[Targetmaster]]s were introduced. [[Fortress Maximus]] and [[Scorponok]] became leaders of the Autobot and Decepticon forces respectively. The animated series had one more season but only three episodes were produced in America, leaving only the comics to support the toy line.

===1988===
Transformers continued on despite smaller support and still managed to introduce a plethora of new characters. New Headmaster and Targetmaster characters were introduced, but the new driving forces for the line were the [[Pretenders]] and [[Powermaster]]s (which featured the return of Optimus Prime).

===1989===
The toy line received a new logo design for its sixth year. The subgrouping idea was changed as characters were now limited to Pretender and [[Micromaster]] groups. These two groups were further subdivided into thematic teams. A few classic characters were revamped as Pretenders.

===1990===
In its final year in the US market, ''Transformers''' last burst was with a more expanded Micromaster line and the introduction of the [[Action Masters]] - non-transforming figures of classic characters with transformable vehicles and weapons.

===Overseas market===
[[Image:Transf3897981b94fo.jpg|thumb|right|TF: Victory Autobot Brainmasters – Braver – Boxed Front, Chinese Version]]
Of the countries ''Transformers'' was exported to, [[wikipedia: Japan| Japan]] and the [[wikipedia:United Kingdom|UK]] were the only ones to make some interesting twists to the toy line. Although the popularity of ''Transformers'' has waned in these two countries as well, they still managed to make some output in the interim between 1990 and 1993, before the launch of the next series, ''[[Transformers: Generation 2]]''.

The UK releases, while in general following the American releases and storylines, omitted a fairly large selection of the original toys from the US line. The UK line first started branching away from the US line in 1990 with the re-releases of several early toys under the "Classics" banner. However, it was 1991 when the UK line went in its own unique direction. Though there were only a few characters introduced, they were toys that none of the US audience had ever seen. Some of the 1991 and 1992 toys did manage to find their way to [[wikipedia: Asia| Asia]]n and [[wikipedia: Australian| Australian]] stores. The 1991 line did away with the Micromasters but had additional Action Master characters, in addition to re-uses of some of Takara's previously Japanese-exclusive molds.

1992 saw the release of the Autobot [[Turbomaster]]s, the Decepticon Predators, yellow un-named versions of the [[Constructicons]] (minus the parts to make Devastator), and re-colored versions of four sixths of the Japanese-exclusive [[Breast Force]], simply known collectively as the ''Rescue Force''. In early 1993, more exclusive figures were released under the ''Transformers'' (no subtitle) label, most notably the color-changing Stormtroopers, the Lightformers, the Trakkons, and the Autobot and Decepticon Obliterators. The heads of the Obliterators, Pyro and Clench, were the inspiration for the redesigned Autobot and Decepticon symbols that were used on this year's packaging and later used for ''Transformers: Generation 2''.

In Japan, it was Takara, the toy company that ''Transformers'' originated from, that had the rights to distribute the toys in their country. Unlike Hasbro UK, Takara had more autonomy in regards to their releases and storyline that were running concurrent with the American line. For example, several characters appeared that were only exclusive to the Japanese market and [[wikipedia: Toei Animation| Toei Animation]] continued the animated series with their own storylines.

Come 1989, Takara departed from the lineup of characters that Hasbro released that year, choosing instead with an even more different set of characters. In 1990, the Micromaster concept was embraced wholeheartedly as majority of the toys that year and the next were of that nature. 1991 would see more Micromasters released, including the fist Micromaster combiner, alongside three larger Battlestars, one of which was Star Convoy, a reborn version of Optimus Prime. Uniquely, the 1991 range in Japan consisted of only Autobot characters. The 1992 range in Japan was the final year of Generation 1, and featured several more Micromaster combiners, recolored versions of Defensor and Bruticus, and the smaller Turbomasters and Predators which were concurrently released in Europe.

==Transformers G1 Hot Rod Review==
<center>{{#ev:youtube|EAN2oBaHp0I|700}}</center>

==Comics==
Three publishers had or have the license to produce [[wikicomics:comic books|comic books]] based on the Transformers. [[wikipedia: Marvel Comics| Marvel Comics]] held the license during the original run of the toy line. Marvel's UK branch also published their own Transformers stories. [[wikipedia: Dreamwave Productions| Dreamwave Productions]] revived Transformers comics in 2002 but went bankrupt in 2005, forcing a cessation. [[wikipedia: IDW Publishing| IDW Publishing]] picked up the rights soon after.

Each publisher to pick up the comics rights all chose to go with their own [[wikipedia:continuity (fiction)|continuity]] than continue the hanging storylines from the previous publisher. As the comics regularly features characters dying, thus far, this is the only way to get around regarding use of characters and issues regarding their place in continuity. Also, the series by Marvel UK used the stories from the US but as the series run weekly, additional stories had to be made to act as supplement. These UK only stories often worked in and around the US stories, offering a different experience.

As such, there are four comics continuities based on the Generation 1 characters:

*[[wikipedia:The Transformers (Marvel comic)|Marvel Comics US continuity]] (1984 to 1990)
*Marvel Comics UK continuity (1984 to 1990)
*[[wikipedia:Transformers: Generation One (Dreamwave)|Dreamwave comics continuity]] (2002-2005)
*[[wikipedia:List of Transformers comic book series#IDW Publishing|IDW comics continuity]] (2006 onwards)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Transformers]]

Pinky street

2009-05-19T21:07:59Z

Summary:

[[Image:156388178 ea42b02d8b b.jpg|Pinky Street Figurine|thumb|right|400px]]
'''Pinky:St''', also written '''Pinky Street''', are plastic ([[wikipedia:Polyethylene terephthalate|PET]]) figures designed by BabySue and manufactured by the Japanese company Vance Project. Their distinguishing feature is the interchangeable parts. The heads, hair styles, clothing and accessories can easily be switched between figures according to taste.

The figures are about 10cm (4in) tall and compatible with 1:18 [[wikipedia:Scale (ratio)|scale]] [[dollhouse]]s, furniture, vehicles and other accessories. Many special edition Pinky:st figures have been produced based on characters from Japanese [[wikipedia:anime|anime]], [[wikicomics:manga|manga]] and [[wikipedia:video game| video game]]s.

Beyond the base sets available for purchase, there is an active customization community. Pinky [[garage kit]]s are also available. Some limited figures are released at [[wikipedia:Wonder Festival| Wonder Festival]], where unofficial mods and garage kits are also unveiled.

Hot Wheels

2009-05-18T16:48:42Z

Summary: New page: '''Hot Wheels''' is a brand of [[wikipedia:die cast toy|die cast toy]] car, introduced by [[United States|American]] toymaker [[Mattel]] on September 7, 1968. It was the primary competitor...

'''Hot Wheels''' is a brand of [[wikipedia:die cast toy|die cast toy]] car, introduced by [[United States|American]] toymaker [[Mattel]] on September 7, 1968. It was the primary competitor of [[wikipedia:Johnny Lightning|Johnny Lightning]] and [[Matchbox]] until 1996, when Mattel acquired rights to the Matchbox brand from [[Tyco Toys|Tyco]].

The original, and now famous, Hot Wheels logo was designed by California artist Rick Irons, who at that time worked for Mattel.

Rail Transport Modelling

2009-01-12T19:43:55Z

Summary: Copied from Wikipedia under GNU Free Documentation License

[[Image:Model rs3 bridge.jpg|right|thumb|[[wikipedia:H0 scale|HO scale]] model railroad.]]
[[Image:Loxxzoo.jpg|right|thumb|A scale model of [[wikipedia:Berlin| Berlin]]'s [[wikipedia:Bahnhof Zoo| Bahnhof Zoo]] at the LOXX Berlin model railway.]]
[[Image:H0e_layout2.png|thumb|right|A Japanese [[wikipedia:HOe scale| HOe scale]] model railroad.]]
[[image:Miwula02.jpg|thumb|The [[wikipedia:Miniatur Wunderland| Miniatur Wunderland]] in [[wikipedia:Hamburg| Hamburg]]/[[wikipedia:Germany| Germany]] - the largest model railway in the world]]
[[Image:LSZcomparison.jpg|right|thumb|One of the smallest ([[wikipedia:Z scale| Z scale]], 1:220) placed on the buffer bar of one of the largest ([[wikipedia:live steam| live steam]], 1:8) model locomotives.]]
[[Image:HO Scale Bachmann 44-tonner.JPG|right|thumb|HO scale (1:87) model of a North American center cab switcher shown with a pencil for size.]]

'''Model railroading''' (US) or '''Railway modelling''' (UK, Australia and Canada) is a [[wikipedia:hobby| hobby]] in which [[wikipedia:rail transport| rail transport]] systems are modelled at a reduced [[scale model|scale]], or [[wikipedia:ratio| ratio]]. The [[scale model]]s include [[wikipedia:locomotive| locomotive]]s, [[wikipedia:rolling stock| rolling stock]], [[wikipedia:streetcars| streetcars]], [[wikipedia:Rail tracks|tracks]], [[wikipedia:Railway signal|signalling]], and roads, buildings, vehicles, [[wikipedia:model figure| model figure]]s, lights, and features such as streams, hills and canyons.

The earliest model railways are the '[[wikipedia:carpet railway| carpet railway]]s' in the 1840s. Electric trains appeared around the turn of the 20th century. But these were crude likenesses. Model trains today are more realistic. Today modellers create [[wikipedia:Model railroad layout|model railway / railroad layouts]], often recreating real locations and periods in history.

==General description==
Involvement ranges from possession of a train set to spending hours and large sums on a large and exacting model of a railroad and the scenery through which it passes, called a "layout". Hobbyists, called "model railroaders" or "railway modellers", may maintain models large enough to ride (''see [[wikipedia:Live steam| Live steam]], [[wikipedia:Ridable miniature railway| Ridable miniature railway]] and [[wikipedia:Backyard railroad| Backyard railroad]]''). Modellers may collect model trains, building a landscape for the trains to pass through, or operate their own [[wikipedia:railroad| railroad]] in miniature.

Some older scale models reach high prices. {{Fact|date=September 2008}}

Layouts vary from a circle or oval of track to the realistic, real places are modelled to scale. One of the largest is in the [[wikipedia:Pendon Museum| Pendon Museum]] in [[wikipedia:Oxfordshire| Oxfordshire]], [[wikipedia:United Kingdom|UK]], where an EM gauge (same [[wikipedia:4_mm_scale|1:76.2 scale]] as [[wikipedia:00 gauge|00]] but with more accurate track gauge) model of the [[wikipedia:Vale of White Horse| Vale of White Horse]] in the 1930s is under construction. The museum also houses one of the earliest scenic models - the Madder Valley layout built by John Ahern. This was built in the late 1930s to late 1950s and brought in realistic modelling, receiving coverage on both sides of the Atlantic in the magazines ''Model Railway News'' and ''[[wikipedia:Model Railroader| Model Railroader]]''. [[wikipedia:Bekonscot| Bekonscot]] in [[wikipedia:Buckinghamshire| Buckinghamshire]] is the oldest model village and includes a model railway, dating from the 1930s. The world's largest model railroad in [[wikipedia:H0 scale| H0 scale]] is [[wikipedia:Northlandz| Northlandz]] in [[wikipedia:Flemington, NJ| Flemington, NJ]], [[wikipedia:United States| United States]]. The largest live steam layout, with 25 miles (40km) of track is [http://trainmountain.org/ ''Train Mountain''] in [[wikipedia:Chiloquin, Oregon| Chiloquin, Oregon]], [[wikipedia:U.S.|U.S.]].

[[Model railroad clubs]] exist where enthusiasts meet. Clubs display models for the public. One specialist branch concentrates on larger scales and [[wikipedia:Rail gauge|gauges]], commonly using track gauges from 3.5 to 7.5 [[wikipedia:inches| inches]]. Models in these scales are usually hand-built and powered by live steam, or diesel-hydraulic, and the engines are often powerful enough to haul dozens of human passengers. Often railways of this size are called [[Ridable miniature railway|miniature railways]]. [[List of model railroad clubs]].

The [[Tech Model Railroad Club]] (TMRC) at [[wikipedia:MIT| MIT]] in the 1950s pioneered automatic control of track-switching by using telephone relays.

The oldest society is [http://www.themodelrailwayclub.org/ The Model Railway Club] (established 1910), near [[wikipedia:Kings Cross, London| Kings Cross, London]], UK. As well as building model railways, it has 5,000 books and periodicals. Similarly, [http://www.HMRS.org.uk/ The Historical Model Railway Society] at [[wikipedia:Butterley| Butterley]], near [[wikipedia:Ripley, Derbyshire| Ripley, Derbyshire]] specialises in historical matters and has archives available to members and non-members.

==Scales and gauges==
The size of engines depends on the scale and can vary from 700 mm (28") tall for the largest ridable [[wikipedia:live steam| live steam]] scales such as 1:8, down to matchbox size for the smallest in Z-scale (1:220). A typical HO (1:87) engine is 50mm (2") tall, and 100mm to 300mm (4" to 12") long. The most popular scales are: [[wikipedia:G scale| G scale]], [[wikipedia:Gauge 1| Gauge 1]], [[wikipedia:O scale| O scale]], [[wikipedia:H0 scale| H0 scale]] (in Britain, the similar [[wikipedia:00 gauge|00]]), [[wikipedia:TT scale| TT scale]], and [[wikipedia:N scale| N scale]] (1:160). There is growing interest in [[wikipedia:Z scale| Z scale]]. H0 is the most popular. Popular narrow-gauge scales include [[wikipedia:HOn3|HOn3 Scale]] and Nn3, which are the same as HO and N except with a narrower spacing between the tracks (in these examples, a scale three feet instead of the 4'8.5" standard gauge).

The largest common scale is 1:8, with 1:4 sometimes used for park rides. [[wikipedia:G scale| G scale]] (Garden, [[wikipedia:1:24 scale| 1:24 scale]]) is most popular for backyard modelling. It is easier to fit a G scale model into a garden and keep scenery proportional to the trains. [Gauge 1] and Gauge 3 are also popular for gardens. 0, H0 scale, and N scale are more often used indoors. [[wikipedia:Lionel| Lionel]] trains in 0 scale ([[wikipedia:1:48 scale| 1:48 scale]]) are popular toys.

The words ''scale'' and ''gauge'' seem at first interchangea but their meanings are different. ''Scale'' is the model's measurement as a proportion to the original, while ''gauge'' is the measurement between the rails.

At first, model railways were not to scale. Manufacturers and hobbyists soon arrived at ''[[wikipedia:de facto| de facto]]'' [[wikipedia:standardisation|standard]]s for interchangeability, such as gauge, but trains were only a rough approximation to the real thing. See ''[[wikipedia:Normen Europäischer Modelleisenbahnen| Normen Europäischer Modelleisenbahnen]]'' (NEM) and [[wikipedia:NMRA| NMRA]]. Official scales for the gauges were drawn up but not at first rigidly followed and not necessarily correctly proportioned for the gauge chosen. O (zero) gauge trains, for instance, operate on track too widely spaced in the United States as the scale is accepted as 1:48 whereas in Britain 0 gauge uses a ratio of 43.5:1 or 7 mm/1 foot and the gauge is near to correct. British 00 standards operate on track significantly too narrow. The 4 mm/1 foot scale on a 16.5mm gauge corresponds to a track gauge of 4ft 1 1/2in, 7 inches undersized). 16.5 mm gauge corresponds to 4ft 8.5 standard gauge in H0 (half zero) 3.5 mm/1 foot or 1:87. Most commercial scales have standards that include wheel [[wikipedia:flange| flange]]s that are too deep, wheel treads that are too wide, and [[wikipedia:rail tracks| rail tracks]] that are too large.

Later, modellers became dissatisfied with inaccuracies and developed standards in which everything is correctly scaled. These are used by modellers but have not spread to mass-production because the inaccuracies and overscale properties of the commercial scales ensure reliable operation and allow for shortcuts necessary for cost control. The finescale standards include the UK's P4, and the even finer S4, which uses track dimensions scaled from the prototype. This 4 mm:1ft modelling uses wheels 2mm or less wide running on track with a gauge of 18.83 mm. Check-rail and wing-rail clearances are similarly accurate.

A compromise of P4 and 00 is 'EM' which uses a gauge of 18.2mm with more generous tolerances than P4 for check clearances. It gives a better appearance than 00 though pointwork is not as close to reality as P4. It suits many where time and improved appearance are important.

==Landscaping==
[[Image:H0e_layout.png|thumb|A [[HOe scale]] layout, 47 x 32 cm (18.5 x 12.6") in size.]]
[[Image:Virginia Farmlands Rwy 2 SW8 @ Doorstown 6-17-2007.JPG|thumb|The landscape in this [[wikipedia:N scale| N scale]] town includes weathered buildings and tall uncut grass.]]
Some modellers pay attention to [[wikipedia:landscaping| landscaping]] their layout, creating a fantasy world or modelling an actual location, often historic. Landscaping is termed "scenery building" or "scenicking".

Constructing scenery involves preparing a sub-terrain using screen wire, a lattice of [[wikipedia:Paperboard|cardboard]] strips, or carved stacks of expanded [[wikipedia:polystyrene| polystyrene]] (styrofoam) sheets. A scenery base is applied over the sub-terrain; typical base include casting plaster, [[wikipedia:plaster of Paris| plaster of Paris]], hybrid paper-pulp ([[wikipedia:papier-mâché| papier-mâché]]) or a lightweight foam/fiberglass/bubblewrap composite as in [[wikipedia:Geodesic Foam Scenery| Geodesic Foam Scenery]]. The scenery base is covered with ground cover, which may be ground foam, colored [[wikipedia:sawdust| sawdust]], natural [[wikipedia:lichen| lichen]], or commercial [[wikipedia:scatter| scatter]] materials for grass and shrubbery. Buildings and structures can be purchased as kits, or built from cardboard, [[wikipedia:balsa wood| balsa wood]], [[wikipedia:basswood| basswood]], [[wikipedia:paper| paper]], or polystyrene or other plastic. Trees can be fabricated from materials such as Western [[wikipedia:sagebrush| sagebrush]], [[wikipedia:candytuft| candytuft]], and [[wikipedia:caspia| caspia]], to which [[wikipedia:adhesive| adhesive]] and model foliage are applied. Water can be simulated using polyester casting [[wikipedia:resin| resin]], [[wikipedia:polyurethane| polyurethane]], or rippled glass. Rocks can be cast in plaster or in plastic with a foam backing. Castings can be painted with stains to give coloring and shadows.

== Weathering ==
''Weathering'' refers to making a model look used and exposed to weather by simulating dirt and wear on real vehicles, structures and equipment. Most models come out of the box looking new, because unweathered finishes are easier to produce and many collectors want models to look pristine. Also, the wear a freight car or building undergoes depends not only on age but where it is used. Rail cars in cities accumulate grime from building and automobile exhaust, while cars in deserts may be subjected to sandstorms which etch or strip paint. A model that is weathered would not fit as many layouts as a pristine model which can be weathered by its purchaser.

However, weathering purchased models is common. At the least, weathering aims to reduce the plastic-like finish of scale models. The simulation of grime, rust, dirt, and wear add realism. Some modelers simulate fuel stains on tanks, or corrosion on battery boxes. In some cases, evidence of accidents or repairs may be added, such as dents or freshly-painted replacement parts, and weathered models can be nearly indistinguishable from their prototypes when photographed appropriately.

==Methods of power==
[[Image:Tinymotor.jpg|thumb|The sugar-cube sized [[wikipedia:electric motor| electric motor]] in a Z scale model locomotive. The entire engine is only 50 mm (2") long.]]
[[Image:GntWestModel.jpg|thumb|right|Model of WP Steam Locomotive(1:3 size) at [[wikipedia:Guntur| Guntur]], [[wikipedia:India| India]].]]

Model railway engines are generally operated by low voltage [[wikipedia:Direct current|DC]] electricity supplied via the tracks, but there are exceptions, such as [[wikipedia:Märklin| Märklin]] and [[wikipedia:Lionel Corporation| Lionel Corporation]], which use [[wikipedia:Alternating current|AC]].

Most early models for the toy market were powered by clockwork and controlled by levers on the locomotive. Although this made control crude the models were large and robust enough that grabbing the controls was practical. Various manufacturers introduced slowing and stopping tracks that could trigger levers on the locomotive and allow station stops. Other locomotives, particularly large models used steam. Steam or clockwork driven engines are still sought by collectors.

Early electrical models used a [[wikipedia:Third rail (model railroading)|three-rail]] system with the wheels resting on a metal track with metal sleepers that conducted power and a middle rail which provided power to a skid under the locomotive. This made sense at the time as models were metal and conductive. Modern plastics were not available and insulation was a problem. In addition the notion of accurate models had yet to evolve and toy trains and track were crude tinplate.

As accuracy became important some systems adopted two-rail power in which the wheels were isolated and the rails carried the positive and negative supply or two sides of the AC supply. Other systems such as Märklin instead fine metal studs to replace the central rail, allowing existing three-rail models to use more realistic track.

Although DC with the positive and negative charges on the two rails is the most common method, Märklin and Lionel use AC on the three-rail system. [[wikipedia:American Flyer| American Flyer]] used AC power on two-rail track.

Early electric trains ran on [[wikipedia:battery (electricity)|batteries]] because few homes in the late 19th and early 20th centuries had electricity. Today, inexpensive train sets on batteries are again common but regarded as [[toy train|toys]] seldom used by hobbyists. Battery power is used by many garden railway and larger scale systems because of the difficulty in obtaining reliable power supply through the rails outdoors and because the high power consumption and thus current draw of large scale garden models is more easily and safely met with lead acid batteries.

Engines powered by [[wikipedia:Live steam| Live steam]] are often built in large, outdoor gauges, and are available in [[wikipedia:Gauge 1| Gauge 1]], [[wikipedia:G scale| G scale]], [[wikipedia:16 mm scale| 16 mm scale]] and can be found in O and HO. [[wikipedia:Hornby Railways| Hornby Railways]] produce live steam locomotives in 00, development of work by some modellers who build live steam models in HO/00, OO9 and N, and there is one in Z in [[wikipedia:Australia| Australia]].

Occasionally [[wikipedia:gasoline| gasoline]]-electric models, patterned after real diesel-electric locomotives, come up among hobbyists and companies like Pilgrim Locomotive Works have sold such locomotives. Large-scale petrol-mechanical and petrol-hydraulic models are available but unusual and pricier than the electrical power.

==Control==
[[Image:Coinop trains.jpg|right|thumb|Coin-operated model train layout in Germany]]
The first clockwork (spring-drive) and live steam locomotives ran until out of power, with no way for the operator to stop and restart the locomotive or vary its speed. The advent of electric trains, which appeared commercially in the 1890s, allowed control of the speed by varying the current or voltage. As trains began to be powered by [[wikipedia:transformer| transformer]]s and [[wikipedia:rectifiers| rectifiers]] more sophisticated throttles appeared, and soon trains powered by AC contained mechanisms to change direction or go into neutral gear when the operator cycled the power. Trains powered by DC can change direction by reversing polarity.

Electricity permits control by dividing the layout into isolated blocks, where trains can be slowed or stopped by lowering or cutting power to a block. Dividing a layout into blocks permitted operators to run more than one train with less risk of a fast train catching and hitting a slow train. Blocks can also trigger signals or other accessories, adding realism or whimsy. Three-rail systems often insulate one of the common rails on a section of track, and use a passing train to complete the circuit and activate an accessory.

Many modern railways are [[wikipedia:computer| computer]]-controlled. The industry standard command system is [[wikipedia:Digital Command Control| Digital Command Control]], or [[wikipedia:Digital Command Control|DCC]]. Less common closed proprietary systems also exist.

In large scales, particularly for [[wikipedia:garden railway| garden railway]]s, radio control and DCC in the garden has become popular.

== Model railway manufacturers ==
[[Image:ExeterBank modelrailway.JPG|thumb|right|''Exeter Bank'': An HO-scale Australian model railway]]
[[Image:Modelrailway1.JPG|thumb|right|An O-scale Australian model railway]]
[[Image:Livesteamtrain.jpg|thumb|right|A propane fired 1:8 scale [[wikipedia:live steam| live steam]] train running on the [[wikipedia:Finnish Railway Museum| Finnish Railway Museum]]'s miniature track.]]
[[Image:Wagga-modeltrain.jpg|thumb|right|A model train running on the Willans Hill Model Railway miniature track in [[wikipedia:Wagga Wagga, New South Wales| Wagga Wagga, New South Wales]], Australia.]]
{|
|valign=top|
* [http://www.3smr.co.uk 3mm Scale Model Railways]
* [[Accucraft Trains]]
* [[Accurail Inc.]]
* [[Airfix]]
* [[American Flyer]]
* [[AR Kits]]
* [[Arnold (models)|Arnold]]
* [[Aristo-Craft]] Trains
* [[Artitec]]
* Aster Hobby [http://www.asterhobby.com/]
* [[Athearn]]
* [[Atlas Model Railroad]]
* [[Auhagen]]
* [[Auscision Models]]
* [[Austrains]]
* [[Bachmann Industries]]
* [[Bassett-Lowke]]
* [[Bavaria]]
* [[Bemo]]
* [[Bergs]]
* [[Berliner Bahn]]
* [[Bing]]
* [http://www.blackstonemodels.com Blackstone Models]
* [[BLMA Models]]
* [[Bowser Manufacturing]]
* [[Branchline]]
* [[Brawa]]
* [[Brimalm Engineering]]
* [[Broadway Limited Imports]] (BLI)
* [[Busch]]
* [[Con-Cor International Limited]]
* [[Dapol]]
* [http://www.electrotren.com Electrotren]
* [[Eureka Models]]
* [http://www.modeltrainsoftware.com Evan Designs]
* [[Exley]]
* [http://www.factorydirecttrains.com Factory Direct Trains]
* [[Faller]]
* [[Ferris railways|Ferris]] (defunct)
* [[Fleischmann]]
* [http://www.frateschi.com.br/index_eng.php/ Frateschi (Brazil)]
* [[Fulgurex]]
* [[G & R Wrenn|G .& R. Wrenn Ltd]]
* The Gauge One Model Railway Company [http://www.g1m.co.uk/index.html]
* [[Graham Farish]] ("Grafar")
* [[Greenmax]]
* [[HAG]]
* [[Hanovale Australia]]
* [[Heico]]
* [[Heki]]
* [[Heljan]]
* [[Herpa]]
* [[Hornby Railways|Hornby]]
* [[Ibertren]]
* [[InterMountain]]
* [[International Hobby Corporation]] (IHC)
* [[JMRI]]
* [[Jouef]]
* [[Kadee® Quality Products Co.]]
* [[Kato Precision Railroad Models|Kato]]
* [[Kemtron Corporation]] (defunct 1964)
* [[Kibri]]
* [[Klein Modellbahn]]
* [[Lego train|Lego]]
* [[Lemaco]]
* [[LGB (Lehmann Gross Bahn)|Lehmann Gross Bahn]]
|valign=top|
* [[Life Like]]
* [[Liliput]]
* [[Lima]]
* [[Lionel, LLC|Lionel]]
* [[Louis Marx and Company|Marx]]
* [[Mainline]]
* [[Mantua]], later [[Tyco Toys]]
* [[Märklin]]
* [[Mehano]]
* [[Merkur]]
* [[Merten]]
* [[Micro Ace]]
* [[Micro Metakit]]
* [[Micro-Trains Line Co.]]
* [[Model Power]]
* [[Modemo]] ([[Hasegawa]])
* [http://www.motorbogies.com Motor Bogies]
* [[MTH Electric Trains]]
* [[Noch]]
* [http://www.nmj.no/ Norsk Modelljernbane (NMJ)]
* [[Overland]]
* [[Ozfreight]]
* [[Peco]]
* [[Piko]]
* [[Playcraft]]
* [[Playmobil]]
* [[Powerline Models]]
* [[Preiser]]
* [[President's Choice]]
* [[Arnold (models)|Rapido]]
* [[Ratio]]
* [[Red Caboose]]
* [[Regner Dampf & Eisenbahntechnik]]
* [[Rivarossi]]
* [[Roco]]
* [[Rocrail]]
* [[Rokal]]
* [[Sachsenmodelle]]
* [http://www.sarmodel.com SARModel]
* [[Seuthe]]
* [[Steam Era Modelling]] (SEM)
* [[Stewart Hobbies]]
* [http://www.tangentscalemodels.com]
* [[Tomix]]
* [http://www.tower55products.com/ Tower 55]
* [[Tillig]]
* [[Trainorama]]
* [[Tri-ang Railways]]
* [[Trix (company)|Trix]]/Minitrix
* [[USA Trains]]
* [[Varney Scale Models|Varney]]
* [[Viessmann]]
* [[Vollmer]]
* Weaver
* [[Weinert]]
* [[Wiking]]
* [[Wm. K. Walthers|Walthers]]
* [[Williams Electric Trains|Williams]]
* [[Woodland Scenics]]
* [[Worsley Works]]
* [http://www.wuiskepromotions.com.au Wuiske Promotions.]
|valign=top|
|}

==Famous model railroaders==
[[Image:Picture 218.jpg|thumb|right|Model train display at Chicago's Museum of Science and Industry]]
See [[list of rail transport modellers]].

==Layout standards organizations==
Several organizations exist to set standardizations for connectability between individual layout sections (commonly called "modules"). This is so several (or hundreds, given enough space and power) people or groups can bring together their own modules, connect them together with as little trouble as possible, and operate their trains. Despite different design and operation philosophies, different organizations have similar goals; standardized ends to facilitate connection with other modules built to the same specifications, standardized electricals, equipment, curve radii.

*[[wikipedia:NTRAK| NTRAK]] ([http://www.ntrak.org Website]). Standardized 3-track (heavy operation) mainline with several optional branchlines. Focuses on [[wikipedia:Standard Gauge| Standard Gauge]], but also has specifications for [[wikipedia:narrow gauge railways|Narrow Gauge]]. Due to its popularity, it can be found in regional variations, most notably the Imperial-to-Metric measurement conversions. Tends to be used more for 'unattended display' than 'operation'.
*[[wikipedia:FREMO| FREMO]] ([http://www.fremo.org/inhalt_d.htm Deutsche] [http://www.fremo.org/inhalt_e.htm English]). A European-based organisation focusing on a single-track line, HO Scale. Also sets standards for N Scale modules. Standards are considerably more flexible in module shape than NTRAK, and has expanded over the years to accommodate several scenery variations.
*[[wikipedia:oNeTRAK| oNeTRAK]] ([http://www.nvntrak.org/nb/onetrak.php Website]). Operationally similar to FREMO, standardises around a single-track mainline, with modules of varying sizes and shapes. Designed with the existing NTRAK spec in mind, is fully compatible with such modules.
*[[wikipedia:ausTRAK| ausTRAK]] ([http://home.vicnet.net.au/~vnsc/austrak.htm Website]). N Scale, two-track main with hidden third track (can be used as NTRAK's third main, as a return/continuous loop, or hidden yard/siding/on-line storage). Australian scenery and rolling stock modelled in Standard Gauge.
*[[wikipedia:NMRA| NMRA]] ([http://www.nmra.org]) National Model Railroad Association, the largest organization devoted to the development, promotion, and enjoyment of the hobby of model railroading.
*[[wikipedia:sTTandard| sTTandard]] ([http://www.sttandard.org.pl/]) Polish TT-scale (1:120) modules organization.
*[[wikipedia:N-orma| N-orma]] ([http://www.n-orma.pl/]) Polish N-scale (1:160) modules organization

==See also==
[[Image:Bachmann-2-6-6-2withPencil.jpg|thumb|right|Photo of a [[wikipedia:Bachmann Industries|Bachmann]] 2-6-6-2 [[wikipedia:N scale| N scale]] [[wikipedia:steam locomotive| steam locomotive]] with a pencil shown for size]]

*[[Scale model]]
*[[Brass model]]
*[[Lego train]]
*[[Toy train]]
*[[Train game]]

*[[List of model railroad clubs]]
*[[Rail transport modelling scales]]
*[[Rail transport modelling standards]]
*[[wikipedia:Standard gauge#Standard gauge in Model railways|Standard gauge in Model railways]]
*[[wikipedia:Model railroad layout|Track layout possibilities]]
*[[wikipedia:Wide Gauge|Wide gauge in Model railways]]

''Displays and famous layouts''
*[[wikipedia:Clemenceau Heritage Museum| Clemenceau Heritage Museum]], elaborate model railroad display depicts the seven railroads that operated in the Upper Verde Valley of Arizona, 1895-1953
*[[wikipedia:Expong|Expo Narrow Gauge model railway exhibition]]
*[[wikipedia:Gorre & Daphetid| Gorre & Daphetid]]
*[[wikipedia:Northlandz| Northlandz]]
*[[wikipedia:San Diego Model Railroad Museum| San Diego Model Railroad Museum]]
*[[wikipedia:The Great Train Story| The Great Train Story]] exhibit at [[wikipedia:Museum of Science and Industry (Chicago)|Museum of Science and Industry (Chicago)]]
*[[wikipedia:The Toy Train Depot| The Toy Train Depot]] - A museum dedicated to the history of scale model railroading in [[wikipedia:Alamogordo, New Mexico| Alamogordo, New Mexico]]
*[[wikipedia:Bekonscot| Bekonscot]] - The oldest model village in the world, featuring a large model railway network
*[[wikipedia:Miniatur Wunderland| Miniatur Wunderland]]
== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.nmra.org/ The National Model Railroad Association, USA] - the largest model railroad organization in the world
*[http://www.themodelrailwayclub.org/ The Model Railway Club, UK] - the oldest known society in the world - established 1910
*[http://www.modeltrainwiki.com/ The Model Train Wiki] - a comprehensive model railroading source specifically for model railroaders, founded February 2008
*[http://www.rmweb.co.uk RMweb] - UK based model railway articles and discussion
*[http://www.cfb.com.ar/ Centro Ferromodelista Belgrano] - One of the most important model railroad organization in Argentina

[[Category:Rail transport modelling]]
[[Category:Rail transport|Modelling]]
[[Category:Miniature railways]]

Action figure

2008-10-09T17:14:29Z

Summary: /* 1980s-1990s */

[[Image:Action7073f6702fce.jpg|thumb|400px|(1/10) Masked Rider SIC Vol 28 Masked Rider Faiz Action Figure]]
An '''action figure''' is a posable character [[figurine]], made of [[wikipedia:plastic| plastic]] or other materials, and often based upon a [[wikipedia:film|movie]], [[wikicomics:comic book| comic book]], [[wikipedia:video game| video game]], or [[wikipedia:television program| television program]]. These action figures are usually marketed towards boys. Redressable action figures are sometimes referred to as '''action [[doll]]s''' <ref>[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE0D81331F932A05756C0A966958260 New York Times article]</ref> as a distinction from those which have all or most of their clothes molded on. Action figures are particularly popular with boys because they represent traditional masculine traits and are closely associated with the public sphere which is represented by items such as [[wikipedia:tools| tools]], [[wikipedia:transportation| transportation]], [[wikipedia:garages| garages]], [[wikipedia:machines| machines]], and [[wikipedia:military equipment| military equipment]] <ref>Nelson, Anders (2005). "Children’s Toy Collections in Sweden—A Less Gender-Typed Country?". ''Sex Roles'' 52 (1/2). Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.</ref>.

== History ==
=== 1960s-1970s ===
[[Image:370262536672b22801.jpg|thumb|G.I. Joe]]
The term "action figure" was first used by [[wikipedia:Hasbro| Hasbro]] in 1964, to market their [[G.I. Joe]] figure to boys who wouldn't play with dolls. G.I. Joe was initially a [[wikipedia:military| military]]-themed 11.5-inch figure proposed by marketing and toy idea-man Stan Weston. It featured changeable clothes with various uniforms to suit different purposes. In a move that would create global popularity for this type of toy, Hasbro also licensed the product to companies in other markets.

These different licensees had a combination of uniforms and accessories that were usually identical to the ones manufactured for the US market by Hasbro, along with some sets that were unique to the local market.

The Japanese had at least two examples where a Hasbro licensee also issued sublicenses for related products. For example, Palitoy issued a sublicense to Tsukuda, a company in Japan, to manufacture and sell Action Man accessories in the Japanese market. Takara also issued a sublicense to Medicom for the manufacture of action figures.

Takara, still under license by Hasbro to make and sell G.I. Joe toys in Japan, also manufactured an action figure incorporating the licensed GI Joe torso for Henshin Cyborg-1, using transparent plastic revealing cyborg innards, and a chrome head and cyborg feet. During the oil supply crisis of the 1970s, like many other manufacturers of action figures, Takara was struggling with the costs associated with making the large 11 ½ inch figures, So, a smaller version of the cyborg toy was developed, standing at 3-3/4 inches high, and was first sold in 1974 as Microman. The Microman line was also novel in its use of interchangeable parts. This laid the foundation for both the smaller action figure size and the transforming robot toy. Takara began producing characters in the Microman line with increasingly robotic features, including Robotman, a 12" robot with room for a Microman pilot, and Mini-Robotman, a 3-3/4" version of Robotman. These toys also featured interchangeable parts, with emphasis placed on the transformation and combination of the characters.

In 1971, [[wikipedia:Mego| Mego]] began licensing and making American [[wikicomics:Marvel Comics|Marvel]] and [[wikipedia:DC Comics|DC]] [[wikicomics:comic book|comic book]] superhero figures which had highly successful sales and are considered highly collectible by many adults today. They eventually brought the Microman toy line to the United States as the [[Micronauts]], but Mego eventually lost control of the market after rejecting the license to produce [[wikipedia:Star Wars| Star Wars]] toys in 1976. The widespread success of Kenner's Star Wars 3-3/4" toy line made the newer, smaller size the industry standard. Instead of a single character with outfits that changed for different applications, toy lines included teams of characters with special functions. Led by Star Wars-themed sales, collectible action figures quickly became a multi-million dollar secondary business for movie studios.

=== 1980s-1990s ===
[[Image:Transformersb27bc8169.jpg|thumb|right|The original build-a-figure concept started with this series. Pieces of Metroplex came in certain boxes]]
The 1980s spawned all sorts of popular action figure lines, many based on cartoon series' which were one of the largest marketing tools for toy companies. Some of the most successful to come about were [[wikipedia:Masters of the Universe| Masters of the Universe]], [[G.I. Joe]], [[wikipedia:Thundercats| Thundercats]], and [[Super Powers Collection]], to name just a few. As the '80s were ending, more and more collectors started to surface, buying up the toys to keep in their original packaging for display purposes and for future collectability. This led to flooding of the action figure toy market. One of the most popular action figure lines of the late '80s and early [[1990s|'90s]], [[Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles action figures]] were produced in such high quantities that the value for most figures would never be higher than a few dollars. In the mid 1990s, a new Star Wars figure line had surfaced and [[Spawn]] figures flooded the toy store shelves, proving action figures were not just for kids anymore.

It was during this time that popular characters were increasingly getting specialized costume and variant figures. Batman quickly became most notorious for this (i.e. Arctic Batman, Piranha Blade Batman, Neon Armor Batman). Rather than individual characters, these variants would make up the bulk of many action figure lines and often make use of the old figure and accessory molds. Glow-in-the-dark figures and accessories also became popular in the early '90s with lines like [[wikicomics:Toxic Crusaders| Toxic Crusaders]] and [[wikicomics:Swamp Thing| Swamp Thing]].

In the early 1980s, the burgeoning popularity of [[wikipedia:Japan| Japan]]ese robot [[wikipedia:cartoons| cartoons]] such as [[wikipedia:Gundam| Gundam]] encouraged [[wikipedia:Takara| Takara]] to reinvent the [[wikipedia:Microman| Microman]] line as the Micro Robots, moving from the [[wikipedia:cyborg| cyborg]] action figure concept to the concept of the living robot. This led to the [[wikipedia:Micro Change| Micro Change]] line of toys: objects that could "transform" into robots. In 1984, [[wikipedia:Hasbro| Hasbro]] licensed Micro Change and another [[wikipedia:Takara| Takara]] line, the [[wikipedia:Diaclone| Diaclone]] transforming cars, and combined them in the US as the [[Transformers]], spawning a still-continuing family of animated cartoons.

A 1999 study found that "the figures have grown much more muscular over time, with many contemporary figures far exceeding the muscularity of even the largest human bodybuilders" and that the changing cultural expectations reflected by those changes may contribute to body image disorders in both sexes. <ref>Pope, Harrison; Roberto Olivardia,Amanda Gruber, John Borowiecki (1998-05-26). "Evolving Ideals of Male Body Image as Seen Through Action Toys". ''International Journal of Eating Disorders'' 26 (1). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.</ref>

=== 2000s ===
Today, the adult collector market for action figures is expanding with companies like [[McFarlane Toys]], [[wikipedia:Palisades| Palisades]], and [[wikipedia:National Entertainment Collectibles Association|NECA]]. Said companies have given numerous movie characters, musicians, and athletes their very first highly detailed figures. These are commonly intended as statuesque display pieces rather than toys; however, child-oriented lines such as the [[wikipedia:He-Man and the Masters of the Universe (2002)|Masters of the Universe revival]] and [[wikicomics:Justice League Unlimited| Justice League Unlimited]] still evoke adult collector followings as well. Comic book firms are also able to get figures of their characters produced, regardless of whether or not they appeared in movies or animated cartoons. Examples of companies that produce comic figures and merchandise almost exclusively include [[wikipedia:Toy Biz| Toy Biz]] and [[wikipedia:DC Direct| DC Direct]].

Since 1997, ''[[wikipedia:ToyFare| ToyFare]]'' magazine has become a popular read for mature collectors in providing news and embracing [[wikipedia:nostalgia| nostalgia]] with a comedic twist. In the same vein, former ''ToyFare'' staffer Doug Goldstein and actor [[wikipedia:Seth Green| Seth Green]] produce the TV series ''[[wikipedia:Robot Chicken| Robot Chicken]]'', which utilizes [[wikipedia:stop motion animation|stop motion]] for satirical effect. Popular websites such as Toy News International also bring collectors information on upcoming figures and merchandise.

Adult-oriented figure lines are often exclusive to specific chain stores rather than mass retail. Popular lines often have figures available exclusively through [[wikipedia:mail order|mail-in]] offers and [[wikipedia:Fan convention|comic conventions]] which raise their value significantly. Ploys such as packaging "errors" and "short-packed" figures have also been used by toy companies to increase collector interest.

== How action figures are made ==
=== Raw materials ===
[[wikipedia:Aluminium wire|Aluminum wire]], [[wikipedia:modelling clay|modeling clay]], and various sculpting tools are used to create the prototype. The actual figure is molded from a plastic resin, such as acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS). This is a harder plastic used to form the main body. Softer plastics, like polypropylene and polyethylene, are commonly used to mold smaller accessory and costume pieces. Various fabrics, such as rayon and nylon, may be used for costume components including body suits, capes, and face masks. As a final decoration, acrylic paints of various colors may be used to decorate the figure. In addition, more elaborate toys may contain miniature electronic components that provide light and sound effects.

=== Design ===
Once the character has been selected, the actual design process begins with sketches of the proposed figure. The next step is the creation of a clay prototype. This model is made by bending aluminum wires to form the backbone of the figure, known as an armature. The wire form includes the outline of the arms and legs posed in the general stance that the figure will assume. The sculptor then adds clay to the armature to give the basic weight and shape that is desired. The clay may be baked slightly during the prototyping process to harden it. Then, the sculptor uses various tools, such as a wire loop, to carve the clay and shape details on the figure.

After creating the basic form, the sculptor may choose to remove the arms and work on them separately for later attachment. This gives the sculptor more control and allows him to produce finer details on the proto-type. Working with blunt tools, the sculptor shapes the body with as much detail as is desired. During this process, photo and sketch references are used to ensure the figure is as realistic as possible. Some sculptors may even use human models to guide their design work.

After the general body shape is complete, the sculptor adds the finer details, paying close attention to the eyes, nose, and mouth that give the figure its life-like expression. The designer may attach a rough lump of clay on the main figure as a temporary head while the real head is sculpted on a separate armature. This allows the sculptor to finish the figure's facial expressions independently of the body. At this point, the finished head can be attached to the main armature and joined to the body with additional clay. Once the head is attached, the neck and hair are sculpted to properly fit to the figure. Then, depending on the design of the figure, the costume may be sculpted directly onto the body. However, if a cloth costume or uniform will be added later, the prototype is sculpted without any costume details. During this process, parts of the clay may be covered with aluminum foil to keep it from prematurely drying out. Once everything is completed, the entire figure is baked to harden the clay.

The sculpted prototype is then sent for approval to the manufacturer. Once all design details have been finalized, the prototype is used to make the molds that will form the plastic pieces for the mass-produced figure. The entire sculpting process may take about two weeks, depending on the skill and speed of the sculptor. This process may be repeated several times if revisions must be made to the figure. Several months are typically allowed for this design phase.<ref>[http://science.enotes.com/how-products-encyclopedia/action-figureAction Figures: How Products are Made]</ref>

== Action Figure Reviews==
There are many people that review action figures. These reviews are often in video format and are avalabe on youtube. These videos let other collectors see the details in the figure as well as if it's worth the purchase. These videos also tell other collectors the price of the figure and the store they are avalable at. Notable action figure reviewers are sithlord229, zegarski, and rasputin37.

== Action Figure Reviewer sithlord229 ==
<center>{{#ev:youtube|qPjiwVP0F_Q|700}}</center>

== Action Figure Reviewer zegarski ==
<center>{{#ev:youtube|ffSkGnMuOog|700}}</center>

== Action Figure Reviewer rasputin37 ==
<center>{{#ev:youtube|ecSz00CrbIY|700}}</center>

== Notable action figures ==
An action figure can be appreciated or criticized for its sculpt, articulation, paints, detail, and/or likeness to the character; or by how successfully the manufacturer combines these often logistically exclusive elements.

*[[Batman action figures|Batman]]- [[wikipedia:Hasbro| Hasbro]] & [[wikipedia:Mattel| Mattel]]
*[[Battlestar Galactica]]- [[wikipedia:Mattel| Mattel]]
*[[Big Jim]]- [[wikipedia:Mattel| Mattel]]
*[[Blackstar]]- [[wikipedia:Galoob| Galoob]]
*[[Bravestarr]]- [[wikipedia:Mattel| Mattel]]
*[[Captain Power]]- [[wikipedia:Mattel| Mattel]]
*[[Centurions]]- [[wikipedia:Kenner| Kenner]]
*Crystar- [[wikipedia:Remco| Remco]]
*[[Cy-Girls]]
*[[Dino Riders]] - [[wikipedia:Tyco| Tyco]]
*[[DC Direct]] - DC Direct
*[[Doctor Who]]
*[[Dragon Ball Z]] - [[wikipedia:Jakks Pacific| Jakks Pacific]] & [[wikipedia:Bandai| Bandai]]
*[[Dungeons & Dragons Miniatures Game]]
*[[GI Joe]] - [[wikipedia:Hasbro| Hasbro]]
**GI Jane
*[[Gobots]] - [[wikipedia:Bandai| Bandai]]
*[[Gundam]] - [[wikipedia:Bandai| Bandai]]
*[[Final Fantasy]] - [[wikipedia:Kotobukiya| Kotobukiya]]
*[[Halo]] - [[wikipedia:McFarlane| McFarlane]]
*[[wikipedia:Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix| Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix]]
*[[Hellboy]] - [[wikipedia:Mezco| Mezco]]
*[[He-Man]] and the [[wikipedia:Masters of the Universe| Masters of the Universe]] - [[wikipedia:Mattel| Mattel]]
*Historic Military - [[wikipedia:In The Past Toys| In The Past Toys]]
*[[The Incredible Crash Dummies]]
*[[Jurassic Park]] - Hasbro/[[wikipedia:Kenner| Kenner]]
*[[The Lord of the Rings]]
*[[Marvel Legends]] - [[wikipedia:Toy Biz| Toy Biz]]/[[wikipedia:Hasbro| Hasbro]]
*[[Marvel Select]] - Diamond
*[[M.A.S.K.]] - [[wikipedia:Kenner| Kenner]]
*[[Max Steel]] - [[wikipedia:Mattel| Mattel]]
*[[McFarlane Sports Picks]]
*[[Mega Man]]
*[[Micronauts]] - [[wikipedia:Mego| Mego]]
*[[Minimates]]
*[[Monster in My Pocket]]
*[[Mortal Kombat]]
*[[The Nightmare Before Christmas]]
*[[Corpse Bride]]
*[[InuYasha]]
*[[Invader Zim]]
*[[The Simpsons]]
*[[Perfect Bodies]]
*[[Pirates of the Caribbean]] - [[wikipedia:Zizzle| Zizzle]]
*[[Power Rangers]] - Bandai
*[[ReBoot]] - [[wikipedia:Irwin Toy| Irwin Toy]]
*[[Robotech]] - [[wikipedia:Matchbox| Matchbox]] & Harmony Gold
*[[Rock Lords]] - [[wikipedia:Tonka| Tonka]] & [[wikipedia:Bandai| Bandai]]
*[[Saint Seiya]] ("Vintage" and [[wikipedia:Cloth Myth| Cloth Myth]])- [[wikipedia:Bandai| Bandai]]
*[[seaQuest DSV]] - [[wikipedia:Playmates| Playmates]]
*[[Sectaurs]] - [[wikipedia:Coleco| Coleco]]
*[[Shogun Warriors]] - [[wikipedia:Mattel| Mattel]]
*[[Star Trek]] - [[wikipedia:Mego| Mego]], [[wikipedia:Galoob| Galoob]], [[wikipedia:Playmates (Toy Company)|Playmates]] & [[wikipedia:Art Asylum| Art Asylum]]
*[[Star Wars]] - [[wikipedia:Kenner| Kenner]] & [[wikipedia:Hasbro| Hasbro]]
*[[Starting Lineup]]
*[[Stikfas]]
*[[Secret Wars]] - [[wikipedia:Mattel| Mattel]]
*[[Silverhawks]] - [[wikipedia:Kenner| Kenner]]
*[[Super Naturals]] - [[wikipedia:Tonka| Tonka]]
*[[Super Powers Collection|Super Powers]]- [[wikipedia:Kenner| Kenner]]
*[[Spawn]]- McFarlane
*Sports Picks - McFarlane
*[[Spider-Man]]- [[wikipedia:Toy Biz| Toy Biz]]&[[wikipedia:Hasbro| Hasbro]]
*[[wikipedia:Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles action figures|Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles]]- [[wikipedia:Playmates| Playmates]]
*[[Thundercats]] - [[wikipedia:LJN| LJN]]
*[[Total Nonstop Action Wrestling]] (TNA)- [[wikipedia:Marvel Toys| Marvel Toys]]
*[[Transformers]]- [[wikipedia:Hasbro| Hasbro]] & [[wikipedia:Takara| Takara]]
*[[Visionaries: Knights of the Magical Light| Visionaries: Knights of the Magical Light]]- [[wikipedia:Hasbro| Hasbro]]
*[[Voltron| Voltron]] - Panosh Place & Trendmasters
*[[World's Greatest Superheroes]] - [[wikipedia:Mego| Mego]]
*[[World Wrestling Entertainment]] (WWE)- [[wikipedia:Jakks Pacific| Jakks Pacific]]
*[[World Wrestling Entertainment|World Wrestling Federtation]] (WWF) - [[wikipedia:Hasbro| Hasbro]]
*[[Wrestling Superstars]]- [[wikipedia:LJN| LJN]]
*[[X-Men]] - [[wikipedia:Toy Biz| Toy Biz]]
*[[Doctor Who]] - [[wikipedia:Character Options| Character Options]]

== See also ==
*[[wikipedia:Toy Biz v. United States| Toy Biz v. United States]], which decided that action figures of certain [[wikipedia:superhero| superhero]]es are legally [[toy]]s, not dolls

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.coverbrowser.com/covers/action-figure-boxes A gallery of action figure boxes]

[[Category:Action figures| ]]
[[Category:Collecting]]
[[Category:Dolls]]
[[Category:Toys]]
[[Category:Toys based on media]]

Super Powers Collection

2008-10-09T16:10:05Z

Summary: Copied from Wikipedia under GNU Free Documentation License

[[Image:SpLogo.jpg|thumb|right|Super Powers Logo]]
The '''Super Powers Collection''' was a line of [[action figure]]s based on [[wikipedia:DC Comics| DC Comics]] [[wikipedia:superhero| superhero]]es and [[wikipedia:supervillain| supervillain]]s that was created by Kenner Toys in the 1980s.

==Origin of the line==
In [[wikipedia:1984| 1984]], [[wikipedia:DC Comics| DC Comics]] awarded the license of their characters to [[wikipedia:Kenner| Kenner]] toys, hot on the heels of [[wikipedia:Mattel| Mattel]]'s "action feature" heavy [[wikicomics:He-Man| He-Man]] toy line. Winning the license away from [[wikipedia:Mego Corporation|Mego Corporation]] and Mattel with their emphasis on action and art, [[wikipedia:Kenner|Kenner]] devised hidden mechanisms within the figures that would trigger an action when the figures legs or arms were squeezed. This emphasis on each figure's "super power" led to the naming of the line '''''The Super Powers Collection'''''. Once the line was in full force a merchandising frenzy took place, with [[wikipedia:DC Comics| DC Comics]] and [[wikipedia:Kenner|Kenner]] slapping a Super Powers logo on whatever they possibly could. Three series of figures and accessories were released: in 1984, 1985, and 1986.

==Tie-ins==
[[Image:Super Powers Collection Video Ad.jpg|thumb|An advertisement for the Warner Home Video video cassettes appearing in Flash #350.]]
[[wikipedia:Hanna Barbera| Hanna Barbera]] also produced two animated series (a refreshing of the venerable ''[[wikipedia:Super Friends| Super Friends]]'' concept, called '''''[[wikipedia:Super Friends: The Legendary Super Powers Show| Super Friends: The Legendary Super Powers Show]]''''' and '''''[[wikipedia:The Super Powers Team: Galactic Guardians| The Super Powers Team: Galactic Guardians]]''''') and three comic book mini-series in support of the ''Super Powers'' line. [[wikipedia:Warner Home Video| Warner Home Video]] used the opportunity to issue episodes of [[wikicomics:Superman| Superman]], [[wikicomics:Batman| Batman]], [[wikicomics:Superboy| Superboy]], and [[wikicomics:Aquaman| Aquaman]] produced by [[wikipedia:Filmation| Filmation]] in [[wikipedia:1966| 1966]] on video cassette in [[wikipedia:1985| 1985]] under the ''Super Powers'' label, reissuing them again in [[wikipedia:1996| 1996]]. Only the toy line carried the "Collection" tag; all other merchandise would have a solo "Super Powers" logo. Each figure in the first two series were also packaged with a mini-comic featuring that character's adventures. A detailed list of these minicomics can be found at [[wikipedia:List of Super Powers Minicomics| List of Super Powers Minicomics]]

==Figures==
Based on definitive style guide artwork, with moderate articulation and hidden action features, the '''Super Powers Collection''' eventually released 33 figures. The checklist of figures: '''Series One''' - Superman, Green Lantern (Hal Jordan), The Flash (Barry Allen), Batman, Robin (Dick Grayson), Hawkman, Aquaman, Wonder Woman, Lex Luthor, Brainiac, The Joker, and The Penguin. '''Series Two''' - Green Arrow, Red Tornado, Doctor Fate, Martian Manhunter, Firestorm, Darkseid, Steppenwolf, Kalibak, Parademon, Desaad, and Mantis. '''Series Three''' - Captain Marvel, Cyborg, Golden Pharaoh, Cyclotron, Orion, Samurai, Mr. Miracle, Plastic Man, Mr. Freeze, and Tyr. A mail-in exclusive Clark Kent, eight vehicles and one playset were also released before the end of the line.

==Rare figures==
A Clark Kent exclusive feature was available as a mail-in only figure. A knock-off series in Latin America introduced two more characters: The Riddler, which was a Green Lantern repaint released in [[wikipedia:Argentina|Argentina]], and Captain Ray, an exclusive character released in Colombia.{{Fact|date=August 2008}} Although these two figures are not official to the line, they have been known to sell at very high prices.{{Fact|date=August 2008}}

==A collectible is born==
Highly prized today, [[wikipedia:Kenner| Kenner]]'s distribution practices of including up to 18 of one character in a case of 24 led to a glut of the core characters throughout the life of the line, and a rapid demise. Due to this practice, certain figures such as '''Cyborg''', '''Golden Pharaoh''', and '''Plastic Man''' remain rare to this day while '''the Flash''' and '''Superman''' are easily found. Another reason the '''Super Powers Collection''' is so highly sought after is the inclusion of both popular and little-known characters throughout the line. While the First Series featured well-known characters, the Second Series concentrated on figures from Jack Kirby's New Gods Saga, and the Third Series mixed both [[wikipedia:DC Comics| DC Comics]] acquisitions from other companies and figures created solely for the line. On a side note, '''Kirby''' received some of the only royalties of his long career for redesigning his characters for [[wikipedia:Kenner| Kenner]]. Artist [[wikipedia:George Pérez| George Pérez]] also received royalties for his design of '''Cyborg''' and redesign of '''Lex Luthor''' and '''Brainiac'''. Most all other designs (and much of the packaging artwork) is based on [[wikipedia:José Luis García-López| José Luis García-López]]'s classic DC Style Guides. Other artwork used appears to be the work of [[wikipedia:Dick Giordano| Dick Giordano]].

===End===
After three years of production the line collapsed. The same year, coincidentally, [[wikipedia:Kenner| Kenner]]'s ''[[wikipedia:Star Wars| Star Wars]]'' line stopped shipping to stores. After 10 years of chronicling the history of the '''Super Powers Collection''', in 2003 toy historian Jason Geyer's [[wikipedia:ToyOtter| ToyOtter]] website revealed the never seen designs for the unmade Series Four, Five, and Six, along with vehicles, playsets and a deluxe "Power Plus" figure line. The most famous of these is the [[wikicomics:Man-Bat| Man-Bat]] figure, of which an actual prototype was created.

==External links==
*[http://www.toyotter.com/sp/ Jason Geyer's Super Powers Archive]
*[http://www.toyotter.com/spfind/ Unreleased Super Powers Toys]
*[http://www.x-entertainment.com/messages/465.html/ A Super Powers Appreciation]
*[http://www.kennersuperpowers.com/ Mike Mensinger's Super Powers page]
*[http://www.mastercollector.com/articles/reviews/review071804.htm/ Master Collector article]
*[http://www.batmanytb.com/actionfiguresanddolls/actionfigures/comic/superpowers/index.php Super Powers Collection @ BYTB: Batman Yesterday, Today and Beyond]
*[http://www.toyotter.com/sp/manbat.html ToyOtter- Unproduced Man-Bat figure]
*http://www.flashbacktoyworld.com/superpowersstore.html

[[Category:DC Comics action figure lines]]
[[Category:Hasbro products]]
[[Category:Batman toys]]
[[Category:Super Friends]]
[[Category:Toys of the 1980s]]

Jumping jack

2008-10-09T15:39:50Z

Summary: Copied from Wikipedia under GNU Free Documentation License

[[Image:Comic History of Rome p 014 Initial R.jpg|thumb|Jumping Jack (toy)]]
The '''jumping-jack''' is a toy whose origins date back thousands of years. The jointed jumping-jack figure is a cross between a puppet and a paper doll. The figures are generally made from wood. Their limbs are jointed and tied to a pull string. When the string is pulled and released, the arms and legs move up and down.

These popular toys still hold a fascination for children and collectors alike.
==History==
Although the jumping-jack is popularly thought of as a European toy, ivory dancer figures made to spin by pulling their strings, which were found at the archaeological site El Lisht and date back to [[wikipedia:ancient Egypt| ancient Egypt]]ian times, are considered to be among the earliest forms of this family of mechanical toys. In the mid-1700 CE, jumping-jack figures know as “''pantins''” were popular among the French nobility. 1832 the ''Hampelmann'' was created by Carl Malss as a figure for the burlesque at [[wikipedia:Frankfurt| Frankfurt]]. Later the jumping-jack toy became known as ''Hampelmann'' in [[wikipedia:German language|German]]-speaking countries<ref>''Dtv-lexikon'', Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag Munich 1971, vol. 8, p.169</ref> and were being made in the [[wikipedia:Erzgebirge| Erzgebirge]] mountain range in [[wikipedia:Germany| Germany]].

==References==
*[http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/timelines/topics/games.htm Ancient Egyptian games: Children's games, toys, board games]
*[http://www.opdag.com/History.html History of Paper Dolls; Copyright 1999 Judy M. Johnson]
*[http://www.saxongifts.com/Erzgebirge_History_s/19.htm Saxon Gifts]

==Footnotes==
<references />

==External links==

[[Category:Toys]]

G.I. Joe

2008-10-09T15:35:01Z

Summary:

[[Image:3065860893 bc72c8686d b.jpg|400px|thumb|right|G.I. Joe and Jeep]]
'''G.I. Joe''' is a line of military-themed articulated "action figures" produced by the [[toy]] company [[wikipedia:Hasbro| Hasbro]]. The initial product offering represented four of the branches of the U.S. Armed Forces with the Action Soldier (Army), Action Sailor (Navy), Action Pilot (Air Force) and Action Marine (USMC). The term [[wikipedia:GI_(military)|"G.I."]] originally stood for "Government Issue" and became a generic term for US soldiers, especially ground forces. The development of G.I. Joe led to the coining of the term "action figure."

The G.I. Joe trademark has been used by Hasbro to title two different toy lines. The original 12-inch line begun in 1964 centered around realistic soldier dolls. This line was known as [[Action Man]] in the United Kingdom, which evolved into a separate entity. In 1982, the line was relaunched in a 3 3/4-inch scale complete with vehicles, playsets, and a complex background story involving an ongoing struggle between the [[wikicomics:G.I. Joe Team| G.I. Joe Team]] and the evil [[wikipedia:Cobra Organization| Cobra Organization]]. This franchise has spawned numerous comics, cartoons and films.

==America's Moveable Fighting Man (1964-1969)==
In 1963, noting the commercial success of the [[Barbie]] doll for girls, Stan Weston, a toy creator and licensing agent, came up with the idea of a Barbie-like line with a military theme that would be marketed to boys. He presented his idea to Don Levine, the creative director of Hasbro, who saw the potential of the idea and approved. The prototypes were originally named "Rocky" (the marine/soldier) "Skip" (the sailor) and "Ace" (the pilot), before Don Levine, inspired by the 1945 film ''[[wikipedia:The Story of G.I. Joe| The Story of G.I. Joe]]'', decided on the generic name G.I. Joe.

The line was launched, on February 2 1964, with a [[wikipedia:World War II| World War II]] theme (although some of the clothes and other items, such as the Willy's Jeep, were actually of Korean-war vintage). The G.I. Joe figures were approximately the same physical scale as Barbie dolls - 12 inches, or 305 mm, tall. There were originally four figures, one to represent each branch of the Armed Forces. Accessory packs (often called "blades" in the toy industry - the "razor" was the action figure and the "blades" were the accessory cards) containing additional gear and clothing were also released.

===Highlights===
* In 1965, a black G.I. Joe figure was introduced in select markets.
* In 1966, soldiers from other countries (France, Germany, England, et al.) joined the G.I. Joe line up. A [[wikipedia:Project Mercury| Project Mercury]]-like space capsule and silver-suited [[wikipedia:astronaut| astronaut]] figure was also added to the series.
* In 1967, Talking figures were introduced.
* The first female G.I. Joe, the Action [[wikipedia:Nurse| Nurse]], was produced in 1967. It was a commercial failure, and another 12" female would not be released for 30 years.

==Adventure Team (1970-1976)==
By 1969, in the wake of the [[wikipedia:Vietnam War| Vietnam War]], Hasbro sought to downplay the war theme that had initially defined "G.I. Joe". The line became known as "The Adventures of G.I. Joe" . In 1970, Hasbro settled on the name "Adventure Team", and relaunched G.I. Joe under the new, non-military, banner.

===Highlights===
* To coincide with the new direction, "Life-Like" flocked hair and beard, an innovation developed in England by [[wikipedia:Palitoy| Palitoy]] for their licensed version of Joe, [[Action Man]], is introduced in 1970. A retooled Negro Adventurer was also introduced.
* In 1974, named after the increasingly popular martial art style, Hasbro introduced "Kung-Fu Grip" to the G.I. Joe line. This was another innovation that had been developed in the UK for Action Man. The hands were sculpted in a softer plastic that allowed the fingers to grip objects in a more lifelike fashion.
* In 1976, G.I. Joe was given eagle eye vision; a movable eye mechanism to allow the toy to appear to be looking around when a lever in the back of the head was moved. This would be the last major innovation for the original line of 12-inch figures.

===A shift in play patterns===
For its first ten years, G.I. Joe was a generic soldier/adventurer with only the slightest hints of a team concept existing. In 1975, after a failed bid to purchase the toy rights to the [[wikipedia:Six Million Dollar Man| Six Million Dollar Man]], Hasbro issued a bionic warrior figure named "Mike Power, Atomic Man", which sold over one million units. Also added to the Adventure Team was a superhero, Bulletman. Comics included with figures at the time featured "Eagle Eye" Joe, Atomic Man, and Bullet Man operating together. The Adventure Team was finally an actual team.

The other notable absence in G.I. Joe's early days was an antagonist (although a case can be made for the German Stormtrooper). In 1976, G.I. Joe and the Adventure Team met foes from outer space when, ''[[wikipedia:Intruders (G. I. Joe)|The Intruders: Strong Men from Another World]]'', were introduced. These armored caveman-like aliens, although smaller than the G.I. Joe figures, had a button on their backs which could be pressed to make them grab with their "Crusher Grip" arms. These were available in the [[:image:GIJoeIntruderCommander.jpg|bearded and gold armored commander]], and the beardless, silver armored warrior. Up until the introduction of these cavemen-looking armored aliens, Joe and his team only had the forces of nature and animals to combat. Now he was pitted up against foes who despite their brutish appearance were possessed of keen intellect and bent on world domination.

===End of an era===
The original 12" G.I. Joe line ended in America in 1976. At this time, Hasbro released a line of inexpensive, rotationally molded mannequins in the G.I. Joe style called "The Defenders."

The claim is that by the late 1970s, the [[wikipedia:energy crisis|petroleum crisis]] had taken a toll on the profitability of the 12" G.I. Joe line.{{Fact|date=March 2008}} Drastic increases in the price of [[wikipedia:petroleum| petroleum]] increased the cost of the [[wikipedia:plastic| plastic]] used to manufacture the toys. However, foreign licensees continued to produce their own versions quite successfully well into the eighties,<ref>1984 for Action Man in the UK when it was curtailed under instructions from their US owners</ref> which tends to negate this rationale. It would seem as likely that mismanagement of the product line, and a lack of a focused product development direction caused the demise of the 12" line in the US market.

===Super Joe (1977-1978)===
In 1977, Hasbro released the Super Joe Adventure Team, and took the battle between good and evil to the stars. The figures were scaled down to 8 1/2 inches, similar in size to [[wikipedia:Mego| Mego]]'s Superheroes line of action figures. The line was a hybrid of superhero and space action figures with new features incorporated such as battery powered back-pack lights and motorized accessories. The hero Super Joe characters, Super Joe Commander (Caucasian/African American) and Super Joe (Caucasian/African American) had a "1-2 Punch" that could be activated by pressing panels on the figure's back. The majority of these figures used kung-fu grip style plastic in the joints and hands. With age this material degrades leaving even unopened figures missing limbs and hands.

Unlike the original G.I. Joes, Super Joe was developed from the start with a play-pattern of Good vs Evil. Super Joe Commander and the Adventure Team (Man of Action, and Adventurer) with their alien comrades "The Night Fighters", Luminos and The Shield, fight against the evil Gor, King of the Terrons, Terron: The Beast from Beyond and his ally Darkon, the half man half monster.

Super Joe was discontinued by the end of 1978. The same basic body molds were used later by a subsidiary of [[wikipedia:Hasbro| Hasbro]] to produce a line of action figures based on the TV Series "Space Academy."

==International G.I. Joe Licensees==
===United Kingdom===
From 1966 through 1984, Palitoy Ltd. produced a British version of the 12-inch G.I. Joe line, under the [[Action Man]] name for the UK market. Initially, these were the exact same designs as the American figures, and at first the same military theme which included figures from World War II. The line later expanded the line to include all men of action, like footballers and other sports figures. In the early 1980s, Palitoy responded to falling sales of Action Man by launching 'Action Force' - a new range of smaller military-themed figures in the style of the then-popular Star Wars line from Kenner. Later, when the U.S. Real American Hero line was released in the UK they were released under the 'Action Force' title, since the term 'G.I.' is not in common use in Britain. The figures had the same appearance and codenames as the American G.I. Joes, but their identities and histories were international rather than purely American or British. The range was later renamed G.I. Joe to bring it into line with international markets; however, the Action Man line retained its original name when it was revived in the early 1990s.

===France===
Group Action Joe was the French license for G.I. Joe. The Ceji company developed the line in 1976, utilizing the life-like bodies developed by Hasbro that same year. Initial characters include an adventurer, a soldier, a cowboy, a black adventurer, a bearded adventurer and an Indian figure. A female figure, Jane, was quickly added. The line expanded in 1977 and other character were added with new features like Eagle Eyes.

Ceji updated several features and many new outfits were created. Some of them, like the French Republican Guard, are highly sought out by collectors. They also licensed other characters for the line, including Rahan (a French comic book caveman, 1978) and Zorro (licensed from Disney). For the French market, Ceji gave all members of the team a name to establish more individual identities. Production for the line ceased in 1981.

===Other Licensees===
The GI Joe line was also licensed to [[wikipedia:Germany| Germany]] under the Action Team name. In [[wikipedia:Spain| Spain]], [[wikipedia:Geyperman| Geyperman]] was the Hasbro licensee, although the products were more based on Palitoy's line, down to the logo design. In [[wikipedia:Japan| Japan]], Takara and Tsukuda licensed the figures under the names "GIJOE" and "Combat Man". In Italy, Polistil licensed the figures under the Action Team name (same as they were called in Germany). In [[wikipedia:Brazil| Brazil]], [[wikipedia:Estrela (company)| Estrela (company)]] licensed the 12" figures under the name "Falcon" and the 3 3/4" figures under the name "Comandos em Ação". In [[wikipedia:Argentina| Argentina]], the G.I. Joe figures were licensed by Esterella under the name "Falcon". The G.I Joe toy line was produced in [[wikipedia:India| India]] under the Funskool brand.

==A Real American Hero (1982-1994)==
1982 saw the highly successful relaunch of the G.I. Joe product line in a smaller, 3 3/4-inch scale, of the same type employed by the wildly popular [[wikipedia:Star Wars| Star Wars]] figures. The 1982 relaunch pioneered several tactics in toy marketing, combining traditional advertising with an animated television mini-series and an ongoing comic book. The decision to use a smaller 3 3/4-inch scale for the figures also made it possible for Hasbro to produce a variety of matching vehicles and play sets that further expanded the appeal and commercial potential of the line.

G.I. Joe's increasing popularity supported an array of spin-off merchandising that included [[wikipedia:poster| poster]]s, [[wikipedia:t-shirt| t-shirt]]s, [[wikipedia:video game| video game]]s, [[board game]]s, and [[wikipedia:Kite flying|kite]]s. In 1985, both ''[[wikipedia:Toy & Lamp| Toy & Lamp]]'' and ''[[wikipedia:Hobby World| Hobby World]]'' magazines ranked ''G.I. Joe'' as the top-selling American toy.

The 3 3/4 inch line was canceled at the end of 1994. This was also the 30th Anniversary of G.I. Joe and accordingly, Hasbro released a series of 12-inch and 3 3/4 inch figures based on the Original Action Team figures from 1964. A select assortment of figures from the "Real American Hero" line were released as Toys "R" Us exclusives to celebrate the 15th anniversary. A second assortment followed in 1998.

===Comics===
G.I. Joe also appeared as a promotional comic book, produced by [http://www.superiorpapers.com/reasons.php buy term papers] [[wikicomics:Marvel Comics| Marvel Comics]]. The comics were very successful, at one point becoming Marvel's top-selling book. This was due in no small part to the unique television advertising and writing talent of [[wikipedia:Larry Hama|Larry Hama]], who worked closely with Hasbro to develop a unique identity, background story, and personality for each character.

The comic series released its final issue, No 155, in December 1994, to coincide with the end of the original RAH toy line.

===TV series===
The basic premise of the [[wikipedia:G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero (1985 TV series)|1985 series]] based on the figures is "good vs. evil". G.I. Joe is an elite American military unit whose purpose is to defend the world against [[wikipedia:COBRA| COBRA]], a "ruthless [[wikipedia:terrorism|terrorist]] organization determined to rule the world".

The content of the animated show, although dealing with war and fighting, was still relatively mild as characters rarely, if ever, died even in the most dangerous circumstances. When an airplane was destroyed in combat, the characters inside were invariably shown parachuting out of the wreckage in the nick of time. In addition, the show used lasers and other high tech weapons rather than bullets. However, physical fighting was shown in abundance, probably as a way of compensating for the lack of death and serious injury.

The show is remembered for its [[wikipedia:public service announcement| public service announcement]]s, where one of the Joes would give an important safety lesson to a group of children engaged in risky behavior. These PSAs always ended with the famous exchange: "Now we know!" "And knowing is half the battle." Almost fifteen years after the show had ended, [[wikipedia:Eric Fensler| Eric Fensler]] made a well-known series of [[wikipedia:parody|parodies]] based around these PSAs, and they are still circulating around the internet to this day.

In 1987, ''[[wikipedia:G.I. Joe: The Movie|G.I. Joe: The Movie]]'', a spinoff of the animated series, was released, but was ill-received by both critics and fans.

==Failed lines==
As a follow-up to the Real American Hero toy line, ''Sgt. Savage and his Screaming Eagles'' figures debuted in 1995. It was canceled after only two waves of figures were released, due to low sales. In 1996, ''[[wikipedia:G.I. Joe Extreme| G.I. Joe Extreme]]'' figures were introduced by [[wikipedia:Kenner Toys| Kenner Toys]] (who had merged with Hasbro in late 1994, taking over their boys toys production). Along with the release of toys, G.I. Joe Extreme featured a comic book, published by Dark Horse comics, and a Gunther-Wahl-produced cartoon series which ran for two seasons.

==Return of the 12" G.I. Joe (1991-2005)==
Hasbro began releasing new 12" G.I. Joe figures in 1991. The first figure, [[Duke (G.I. Joe)|Duke]], was marketed exclusively to [[wikipedia:Target Corporation|Target]] retail stores.

===Hall of Fame (1992-1994)===
Based on the Real American Hero toyline, the Hall of Fame series featured Mission Gear Outfits, vehicles, and featured popular characters like Snake-Eyes, Stalker, Gung-Ho, Cobra Commander, Destro, and Storm Shadow among others.

This was followed by an anniversary series based on the 60's line - and was followed by the Hall of Fame Limited Editions, also based on 60's releases.

===Masterpiece (1996-1997)===
In 1997, the original G.I. Joe figure returned via the G.I. Joe Masterpiece Editiona unique book-and-figure product.<ref>[http://www.fullyarticulated.com/MEbehindscenes.html Behind the Scenes]</ref>

===Classic Collection (1995-2004)===
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:CCGIJanePilot.jpg ''G.I. Janes''] were introduced in a series called the Classic Collection, the first 12-inch female dolls in the ''G.I. Joe'' line-up since 1967; this doll was a [[wikipedia:helicopter| helicopter]] pilot. The Classic Collection hearkened back to the original all military theme of G.I. Joe with fairly realistic uniforms and gear. Soldiers from Australia, Britain, and other nations, as well as United States Forces were featured. The line also presented an all-new articulated G.I. Joe figure that formed the basis of many offerings until the 12" line was discontinued in the new millennium.

In 2000, a ''[[wikipedia:Navajo Nation|Navajo]] [[wikipedia:Codetalkers|Code Talker]]'' was introduced, one of only two 12-inch ''G.I. Joe'' talking figures (until this time) since the 1970s.

In 2001, ''G.I. Joe'' honored the events of the 1941 [[wikipedia:attack on Pearl Harbor| attack on Pearl Harbor]] by releasing a line of [[Pearl Harbor figures]]. In 2003 Hasbro announced the release of the 40th Anniversary G.I. Joe line. This line featured reproductions of the earliest G.I. Joe figures and accessories originally made in 1964.

In 2004, to honor the 60th anniversary of the D-Day invasion, a line of D-Day themed figures was released, consisting of a 29th infantry Division Soldier on Omaha Beach, an Army Ranger at Point Du Hoc, a British Royal Marine Commando, and Ernie Pyle, a well known journalist of the era.

In November 2006 a reproduction Land Adventurer G.I. Joe figure was released as an exclusive to Hot Topic stores. The figure was a reproduction of the Land Adventurer with the Kung Fu Grip and came in the "Coffin" style box. A reproduction Talking Adventure Team Commander was also released in a limited run of 1,970 issues.

===Timeless Collection (1998-2003)===
During the late 1990s Hasbro built on the renewed interest in authentic reproductions of G.I. Joe established by the Masterpiece Edition reproduction book/figure set; they bought the rights to the ME figure and released a range of store exclusive reproduction figure sets, with the character of the sixties G.I.Joe boxed sets.

==Return of the 3.75" G.I.Joes (2000-present)==
[[Image:Gijoe159ff2b8ddb.jpg|thumb|right|GI Joe Convention (17 March 2007) (09)]]
===Real American Hero Collection (2000-2002)===
In 2000, Hasbro re-released a selection of 3 3/4" G.I. Joe figures and vehicles. This line lasted until 2002. The figures were sold in packs of two and consisted of repainted versions of figures from the Real American Hero line. Some of these repainted figures were assigned new identities: for example, the Baroness figure was repainted and sold as a new character called Chameleon, described on the packaging as ''"the illegitimate half sister of Baroness"''.

===G.I. Joe vs Cobra (2002-2005)===
Beginning in 2002, newly designed collections of 3 3/4" G.I. Joe figures and vehicles were released. Each collection centered around a storyline or theme, such as "Spy Troops" and "Valor vs. Venom".

Direct-to-[[wikipedia:DVD| DVD]] features were animated for both the Spy Troops & [[wikipedia:G.I. Joe: Valor vs. Venom| G.I. Joe: Valor vs. Venom]] collections, as well as a new trading card game based on the G.I. Joe vs. Cobra storyline. Both the 12" and 3 3/4" lines were put on hiatus prior to the release of the Sigma 6 line in 2005.

===Direct to Consumer (2005-2006)===
The 3 3/4" line was reintroduced after a very brief hiatus via Hasbro's direct-to-consumer website HasbroToyShop.com and various online retailers. As a result of the line's success, some figures also became available at certain retailers, such as [[wikipedia:Toys "R" Us| Toys "R" Us]].

===25th Anniversary (2007-present)===
2007 marked the 25th anniversary of the "Real American Hero" line. To commemorate the event, Hasbro released a "25th Anniversary" collection of newly sculpted 100mm figures (as opposed to the 3¾" scale of the RAH line) based on classic and new designs of many of the line's best known and most popular characters. The 25th Anniversary figures replaced the classic O-ring construction with a swivel chest feature and increased points of articulation beyond the standard shoulder, elbow and knees to swivel wrists, ankles and double-hinged knees.

Originally planned to consist of only two sets of five figures each (one G.I. Joe and one Cobra), the 25th Anniversary collection was well received by retailers and collectors and has since been expanded by Hasbro into a full-fledged toyline to run through 2009. The most recent releases in this line do not include the "25th Anniversary" branding but in all other respects constitute a continuation of the 25th Anniversary collection.

==Sigma 6 (2005-2007)==
2005 saw the introduction of a new line called [[G.I. Joe: Sigma 6]], consisting initially of an 8" scale selection of action figures distinguished by their extensive articulation and accessories. Sigma 6 combines entirely new characters with already familiar characters from the 3 3/4" "Real American Hero" line. Its release was accompanied by a television series produced by the Japanese animation studio [[wikipedia:GONZO| GONZO]] and a comic book mini-series published by Devil's Due.

Hasbro also expanded the Sigma 6 line to include a 2 1/2" scale selection of vehicles, play sets, and figurines with limited articulation.

2007 saw the rebranding of the 8" line. The ''Sigma Six'' branding was dropped in the spring of 2007. Since that time, new figures have been branded as simply G.I. Joe and divided into differently packaged sub-groups such as ''Combat Squad'', ''Commandos'', and ''Adventure Team''. The entire 8" scale was canceled by the end of 2007, although Hasbro considers the 8" figures a success and may revisit the scale in the future.

==Real people honored with ''G.I. Joe'' figures==
The G.I. Joe brand has made [[wikipedia:promotion (marketing)|promotional]] action figures based on real-life persons, both military and civilian, that the company deems ''Real American Heroes'', as the G.I. Joe slogan says.

==See also==
*[[wikipedia:1:6 Scale Modeling| 1:6 Scale Modeling]], a.k.a. Playscale Miniaturism
*[[Action Man]]
*[[wikipedia:List of G.I. Joe series| List of G.I. Joe series]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.gijoe.com/ Official G.I. Joe Hasbro site]
* [http://www.gijoeclub.com/ The Official G.I. Joe Collectors' Club - Licensed by Hasbro]
* [http://www.devilsdue.net/ DDP - Publisher of GI Joe Comics - Licensed by Hasbro]
* [http://www.superiorpapers.com/ term paper]

===Fansites===

* [http://www.yojoe.com/ Yo Joe! Collector's site]
* [http://www.propadeutic.com/transcripts/ Complete Guide to G.I. Joe]
* [http://gijoe.wikia.com/wiki/Main_Page Joepedia: The G.I. Joe Wiki]
* [http://www.johio.org/ The JOhio G.I. Joe Collector's Club Official Site]
12" joes:
* [http://www.adventure-gear.com/atclassic/at.htm GI Joe Adventure Team]
* [http://members.aol.com/DMcKee63/dansite.html Dan's Vintage GIJOE InfoSite]
* [http://www.blastfromyourpast.com/joe/joe.html Original G.I. Joe Space Capsule Set 45rpm recording]
3.75" joes:

* [http://www.joebattlelines.com/ JoeBattlelines.com (Daily News, Figure Reviews, Forums)]
* [http://www.joecustoms.com JoeCustoms.com (Custom Figures, Forums, Resources)]
* [http://www.joesightings.com/index.php Joesightings]
* [http://www.joeheadquarters.com The Ultimate GI Joe Cartoon Website]
* [http://www.hisstank.com/ HISSTank.com news and forums]
* [http://www.ultimatetoycollections.com Toy Collections of the 80's-90's (formally Dansjoes.com)]
25th Anniversary:
* [http://www.theartofjoeonline.com Magnum6Delta (The 25th Anniversary Toy Shelf)]

[[Category:Action figures]]
[[Category:Dolls]]
[[Category:G.I. Joe|*]]
[[Category:Playscale figures]]
[[Category:Toys of the 1960s]]

Playmobil

2008-10-09T04:14:58Z

Summary: /* Playmobil themes */

[[Image:2361815112 69417742e7 b.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Playmobil]]
'''Playmobil''' (pronounced "play-mo-beel", and occasionally referred to as just Playmo) is a line of toys produced by the [[wikipedia:Brandstätter Group| Brandstätter Group]] (geobra Brandstätter GmbH & Co KG), headquartered in [[wikipedia:Zirndorf| Zirndorf]], [[wikipedia:Germany| Germany]].

New products and product lines developed by a 50-strong development team are frequently introduced by Brandstätter. Some of these, such as promotional products, are only produced in limited quantities. For example, Playmobil introduced limited edition sets with the [[wikipedia:logo| logo]]s of seven different airlines, sold only aboard [[wikipedia:flight| flight]]s and in [[wikipedia:duty-free shop| duty-free shop]]s. These practices have given rise to a sizable community of collectors. Collector activities extend beyond collecting and free-form play with Playmobil and include customization, [[wikipedia:miniature wargaming| miniature wargaming]], and creation of photo stories and [[wikipedia:stop motion| stop motion]] films. Playmobil people are approximately 3 inches tall and are a 1:24 scale, or G scale.

==History of Playmobil==
[[Image:Playmobilcitylife.JPG|thumb|300px|Playmobil: City Life]]
[[wikipedia:Hans Beck| Hans Beck]] (b. 1929) is often called "The Father of Playmobil." Beck received training as a [[wikipedia:Cabinet (furniture)|cabinetmaker]] but worked simultaneously on [[model airplane]]s, a product he pitched to the company geobra Brandstätter. The owner of the company, [[wikipedia:Horst Brandstätter| Horst Brandstätter]], asked him to develop toy figures for children instead.

Beck spent three years developing what became Playmobil. Beck conducted research that allowed him to develop a toy that would not be too complex but nevertheless flexible. Playmobil hands were capable of gripping and holding objects. The toy, at 7.5 cm, would also fit in a child's hand and its facial design would be based on children's drawings (large head, big smile, no nose). "I would put the little figures in their hands without saying anything about what they were," Beck remarked. "They accepted them right away....They invented little scenarios for them. They never grew tired of playing with them."[http://csmonitor.com/cgi-bin/durableRedirect.pl?/durable/1997/10/07/home/home.1.html].
Earlier figures had arms of one piece and another piece for the legs.
Later sets allow hand rotation.

The [[wikipedia:1973 oil crisis| 1973 oil crisis]] made it possible for Playmobil to be considered a viable product. Rising oil prices imposed on Geobra Brandstätter, for whom Beck worked as [[wikipedia:Head of Development| Head of Development]], demanded that the company turn to products that required less solid plastic material (during the 1960s, the company had been producing [[hoola-hoop]]s and large plastic toys).

In 1974, the company put the series on show in its display rooms. Initial visitors were reluctant to accept the toy. Nevertheless, the toy was shown at the International Toy Fair in [[wikipedia:Nuremberg| Nuremberg]], which was taking place that same year. The toy remained popular with children. A [[wikipedia:Netherlands|Dutch]] firm subsequently agreed to buy a whole year's production.

Playmobil began to be sold worldwide in 1975.

Playmobil [[pop-up book]]s, in which buildings and settings corresponded to the height of actual Playmobil figures, were sold for a time, as well as a series of [[wikicomics:comic books| comic books]], [[coloring book]]s, and [[puzzle]]s.

Playmobil has been a successful toy line for more than 25 years and they have been a major competitor to [[Lego]] toys. Examples of directly competing toys in both their product line are not hard to find. Within the limitations of the Playmobil toy world, the Playmobil toys are usually realistic, and present accurate representations of arms, armor, costumes, and tools from a recognizable time period. Especially notable for a fine attention to detail are the modern construction and city life toys (cars, cranes, fire-engines, trains, boats, etc.).

Playmobil toys are specifically aimed at children from the ages of six to twelve. The company believes that older children tend not to play with these types of toys and so it has resisted creating toys from other, less well known, historical time periods. However, many adults own or collect Playmobil and make [[wikipedia:Playmobil #Playmobil movies|movies]] with the toys.

==The history of Playmobil: issues, controversies, authorized and unauthorized figures==
[[Image:3272582018 d054ab2846 b.jpg|thumb|right|350px|The Playmobil Egypt]]
* The first Playmobil sets were themed around [[wikipedia:Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native Americans]], [[wikipedia:construction worker| construction worker]]s and [[wikipedia:knight| knight]]s. The first construction worker set included a [[wikipedia:wheelbarrow| wheelbarrow]], a [[wikipedia:road roller| road roller]], ten [[wikipedia:traffic cone| traffic cone]]s, as well as three crates holding 18 bottles of [[wikipedia:beer| beer]]. The German Ministry of Youth intervened in response to this set's packaging, which showed two Playmobil figures discussing their beer consumption (-"That's my fifth bottle today." -"Don't worry, we've got enough beer.")<ref>[http://women.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/women/the_way_we_live/article3831553.ece The dark ages - Times Online]</ref>
* In Spain, they were licensed by [[wikipedia:Famosa| Famosa]], a leading dollmaker, and marketed as "los clicks de Famobil". Spanish package marked the quantity of male dolls (''clicks'') and females (''clacks''). Females are distinguished by hairdo and a wider chestpiece suggesting a skirt.
* In the seventies, Playmobil was licensed by a company called Lyra in [[wikipedia:Greece| Greece]].
* In [[wikipedia:Argentina| Argentina]] Playmobil is licensed by Antex, for distribution in South American markets. Former South American licensees included [[wikipedia:Brazil| Brazil]]'s Troll, Estrela, Industria de Brinquedos do Amazonas and [[wikipedia:Peru| Peru]]'s BASA.
* From 1976 to 1980, Playmobil was licensed by [[wikipedia:Louis Marx and Company| Louis Marx and Company]] in the [[wikipedia:United Kingdom| United Kingdom]] and sold under the brand name '''Playpeople'''.
* In 1978, [[wikipedia:Schenk| Schenk]], a [[wikipedia:Hungary|Hungarian]] firm, began reproducing [[wikipedia:Copyright infringement|bootleg]] Playmobil figures. They had not received any authorization or license from geobra Brandstätter. Schenk produced exact copies of the original toy, though some sets were modified to create new types of sets, usually military, from Hungarian history. Thus, Schenk produced the [[wikipedia:Hussar| Hussar]] (Huszár), from the period of the [[wikipedia:Revolutions of 1848 in the Habsburg areas|Hungarian War of Independence]] and the Hungarian hussar series (Magyar huszár sorozat). Other sets included the [[wikipedia:Austria| Austria]]n soldier (Osztrák), [[wikipedia:Ottoman Empire|Turkish]] soldier (Török), [[wikipedia:William Tell| William Tell]] (Tell Vilmos), and the [[wikipedia:Hunyadi| Hunyadi]] series (Hunyadi sorozat). Schenk figures, like the early Playmobil figures, do not have moveable hands. But unlike the Playmobil horses, the Schenk horses do not have moveable heads. Schenk figures also bear different colors from their Playmobil counterparts. They were also made with inferior plastic. Following the collapse of [[wikipedia:communism| communism]], a 1995 court ruling forbade the manufacture and distribution of the Schenk figures. The owner of Schenk, Károly Schenk, was allowed to sell of his remaining toy figures only in Hungary until March 1996. However, Schenk bootlegs may still be available in toy shops in Hungary. You can see a famous and rare collection of Schenk reproductions by [http://www.tricornejock.com/html/les_photos.html '''Tricornejock'''] (Playmobil and no authorized reproductions of Playmobil). Bootleg sets have been manufactured and sold in [[wikipedia:China| China]] . These sets are not marketed as Playmobil, though they are identical in terms of appearance (but not in regards to quality). Sets include a "Noshery" (fast food eatery), "Pirate Island," and medieval figures.[http://www.playmofriends.com/forum/index.php?topic=617.0]

* In 1982, [[wikipedia:McDonald's| McDonald's]] ceased distribution and promotion of Playmobil at its restaurants after tests showed that the toy failed to comply with [[wikipedia:Consumer Product Safety Commission| Consumer Product Safety Commission]] tests designed to prevent children under three from choking on dangerous items (The Playmobil toys, however, were not involved in any reported choking incidents). The five Playmobil toys that were to be distributed nationwide included a Sheriff, Indian, Sheriff's Horse, Umbrella Girl and Farmer. Approximately 10 million of the Sheriff and Indian Playmobil toys were actually distributed from October 22 through November 1, 1982. McDonald's customers with children under three who received these toys were advised to discontinue their use and return the toys to a McDonald's in exchange for a [[wikipedia:McDonald's products|Desserts]], a cone, or a refund.
* Over the years, some proposed sets have included [[wikipedia:coolie|Chinese Railroad Workers]] and a [[wikipedia:gravedigger|Grave Digger]] for the Western theme, as well as a Medieval [[wikipedia:Torture| Torture]] Room. Prototypes were made. However, these sets were considered insensitive and inappropriate for young children, and were never released.<ref>[http://www.collectobil.com/guide/faq03.html#prototypes Collectobil - FAQ part 3 - Assortment Questions]</ref> There are however sets including ghosts and a mummy containing a skeleton.

* In 2004 [[wikipedia:BMW| BMW]] licensed the familiar Playmobil look and feel to release an exclusive [[wikipedia:BMW Z4| BMW Z4]] done in Playmobil scale. It also came with two Playmobil passengers. Originally, the only way to get one of these Z4s (available in deep [[wikipedia:red| red]] or [[wikipedia:blue| blue]]) was to take a test drive at a BMW dealership in [[wikipedia:Germany| Germany]]. Shortly thereafter, versions in a pale yellow or [[wikipedia:eggshell blue| eggshell blue]] were available in [[wikipedia:Europe| Europe]]an toy stores. Though not manufactured by Playmobil, they were officially licensed. A similar product is still available on BMW's website for $35.00 usd

* In 2006 and 2007 Reproductions sets have been manufactured in [[wikipedia:China| China]] and sold in [[wikipedia:Europe| Europe]]. These sets are not marketed as Playmobil, though they are identical in terms of appearance (but not in regards to quality). Sets include a front end loader (box), fork lift truck (Box) and some [[wikipedia:knight| knight]] sets (Blister).

== Playmobil themes ==
[[Image:172639074 b6ad574677 b.jpg|thumb|right|350px|The hot dog vendor set]]

===Current===
*1-2-3
*Adventure
*Airport
*Christmas
*Circus
*City Life
*Construction
*Dollhouse
*Easter
*Egyptians (only in Germany and select European countries)
*Fairy Tale
*Farm
*Horse Farm
*Hospital
*Knights
*Leisure
*Magic Castle
*Micro
*Modern Living
*Pirates
*Police
*Rescue
*Romans
*Special
*Sports
*Superset
*Transport Port
*Transport Train
*Wedding
*Waterworld
*Water Zoo
*Zoo

===Discontinued===
*Antarctic
*City Service
*Color
*Gifts
*Halloween
*Jungle
*Magic
*Old Houses
*Outdoor
*Playmospace
*Racing
*Romani Circus
*Safari
*Space
*Television
*Traffic
*Train
*Vikings
*Winter Sports
*Western

== Playmobil movies ==
Using the technique of stop-motion, fans have created a number of films with Playmobil. Directors' names are in parentheses.
* [http://www.peteandrob.com The Adventures of Pete & Rob], Several short Flash stop-motion films (P. Roessler)
* [http://svencentral.com/movies/page94/bloodysnow.html Bloody Snow], a Western (Sven van der Hart)
* [http://svencentral.com/movies/page95/vikingfilm.html The Viking Five], a comedy (Sven van der Hart)
* [http://svencentral.com/movies/santasnewride/index.html Santa's New Ride], a comedy (Sven van der Hart)
* [http://www.capuchinfilms.com The Fountain of Youth], a medieval epic (Paul Morris)
* A variety of Playmobil movies at [http://www.collectobil.com/collectofun/theatre/index.html Collectobil] including:
**''Heir to the Throne'', a medieval epic, and
**''The Three Bandidos'', a Western (both directed by Joshua Deicken).
* [[wikipedia:Macromedia Shockwave| Macromedia Shockwave]] films spoofing the ''[[wikipedia:Blair Witch Project| Blair Witch Project]]'' can be found at [http://www.geocities.com/~jonesmeister/blairmobil.html Blairmobil] (Andrew Jones)

==References==
{{reflist}}

== See also ==
* [[Kubrick]]
* [[Minifigure]]

== History of Playmobil sources==
* [http://www.best-german-gifts.com/playmobil-toy.html Playmobil Toys Article]
* [http://csmonitor.com/cgi-bin/durableRedirect.pl?/durable/1997/10/07/home/home.1.html Ruth Walker "One Man's Tiny Plastic Universe," Christian Science Monitor, 1997]
* [http://www.corporate.basf.com/en/stories/wipo/playmobil/story.htm?id=iMIuq8DPRbcp1hM The swashbuckling Playmobil pirate captures children's imaginations]
* [http://www.keepkidshealthy.com/recalls/toys/82046.html McDonald's Voluntarily Stops Playmobil Promotion And Recalls; November 3, 1982]
* [http://www.collectobil.com/guide/schenk.html Schenk Bootlegs Playmobil in Hungary]

[[Category:Playmobil|*]]
[[Category:Toy companies]]
[[Category:Toy train manufacturers]]
[[Category:Companies of Germany]]

Saghira

2008-10-09T03:58:16Z

Summary:

'''Saghira''' ([[wikipedia:Arabic language|Arabic]]: ''little girl'') is a [[wikipedia:Muslim| Muslim]] [[doll]] that was created as an alternative to other mainstream dolls which usually are made in western countries. Saghira is now a 17 and half inch doll that is available in North Africa, parts of Europe and the Middle East.

== Manufacturer ==
Saghira was created by a Moroccan manufacturer SAGHIRA SARL between the years 2005 and 2006 and started selling in the Morocco market in January 2007.

== Models ==
Saghira comes now in just one model. Previously Saghira came under different model names but as this proved difficult to market, Saghira's company decided to concentrate on its core model only. Previous models were called Amira (princess), Doaa (Prayer), Aya, Abir, Ahd, Shada, Nada, Dahab, Najma, Nour. These may actually be brought back in future years when Saghira establishes more of a name for itself.

== Attires and Accessories ==
Saghira's attires are a mix of both authentic traditional clothing as well as Western clothes. All but the western versions of Saghira come with doll accessories based on articles usually found in Arabic and Muslim homes.
Saghira comes with veiled and unveiled models. Usually unveiled models depict Saghira within her home or in a family environment.

==See also==
*[[Fulla (doll)]]
*[[Jamila (doll)]]
*[[Barbie]]
*[[Razanne]]

==External links==
* http://www.saghira.com/
* [http://www.kippreport.com/article.php?articleid=928 Fighting Fulla: a new toy story]

[[Category:Fashion dolls]]
[[Category:Playscale figures]]

Raggedy Ann

2008-10-09T03:44:53Z

Summary:

[[Image:527804110 d7591f4975 b.jpg|thumb|350px|Raggedy Raggedies]]
'''Raggedy Ann''' is a [[wikipedia:fictional character| fictional character]] created by writer [[wikipedia:Johnny Gruelle| Johnny Gruelle]] (1880–1938) in a series of books he wrote and illustrated for young children. Raggedy Ann is a [[rag doll]] with red yarn for hair. The character was created in 1915 as a doll, and was introduced to the public in the 1918 book ''Raggedy Ann Stories.'' A doll was also marketed along with the book to great success. A sequel, ''Raggedy Andy Stories'' (1920) introduced the character of her brother, '''Raggedy Andy''', dressed in sailor suit and hat.

==History==
===Origins===
Gruelle created Raggedy Ann for his daughter, Marcella, when she brought him an old hand-made rag doll and he drew a face on it. From his bookshelf, he pulled a book of poems by [[wikipedia:James Whitcomb Riley| James Whitcomb Riley]], and combined the names of two poems, "The Raggedy Man" and "[[Little Orphan Annie]]." He said, "Why don’t we call her Raggedy Ann?" <ref>[http://raggedyann-museum.org/ra_history.html The Raggedy Ann & Andy Museum]</ref>

Marcella died at age 13 after being [[wikipedia:vaccination|vaccinated]] at school for [[wikipedia:smallpox| smallpox]] without her parents' consent. Authorities blamed a heart defect, but her parents blamed the vaccination. Gruelle became an opponent of vaccination, and the Raggedy Ann doll was used as a symbol by the [[wikipedia:anti-vaccination| anti-vaccination]] movement. <ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/04/books/review/Oshinsky.t.html Preventive Medicine, New York Times Book Review, Feb. 4, 2006]</ref>

===Toys and adaptations into other media===
Many subsequent books were published and the characters made their way into other media, including:
*A series of animated [[wikipedia:Fleischer Studios| Fleischer Studios]]/[[wikipedia:Famous Studios| Famous Studios]] shorts:
**''Raggedy Ann and Raggedy Andy'' (1941)
**''Suddenly It's Spring'' (1944)
**''The Enchanted Square'' (1947)
*A [[wikicomics:comic book| comic book]] published by [[wikipedia:Dell Comics| Dell Comics]].
*A 1977 animated feature, ''[[wikipedia:Raggedy Ann & Andy: A Musical Adventure| Raggedy Ann & Andy: A Musical Adventure]]'', directed by [[wikipedia:Richard Williams| Richard Williams]]
*''Raggedy Ann and Andy in: the Great Santa Claus Caper'' (1978) a [[wikipedia:Christmas television special| Christmas television special]] directed by [[wikipedia:Chuck Jones| Chuck Jones]]
*''Raggedy Ann and Andy in: The Pumpkin Who Couldn’t Smile'' (1979) a [[wikipedia:Halloween| Halloween]] [[wikipedia:television special| television special]] also directed by [[wikipedia:Chuck Jones| Chuck Jones]]
*A 1988–1992 [[wikipedia:animated television series| animated television series]], ''The Adventures of Raggedy Ann and Andy''

While [[wikipedia:Simon & Schuster| Simon & Schuster]] and [[wikipedia:Hasbro| Hasbro]] claim to own trademarks to the Raggedy Ann and/or Raggedy Ann and Andy names, the original 1915 doll design and 1918 and 1920 books are in the public domain, their copyright having expired. Books and films published after 1950 are protected by copyright.

Raggedy Ann was inducted into the [[wikipedia:National Toy Hall of Fame| National Toy Hall of Fame]] in 2002. Raggedy Andy joined her in 2007.

==Books==
It appears that many books were released and credited to Johnny Gruelle after his death, regardless of who actually wrote and illustrated them.

*''[http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/18190 Raggedy Ann Stories]'' (1918) written and illustrated by Johnny Gruelle
*''[http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/17371 Raggedy Andy Stories]'' (1920) written and illustrated by Johnny Gruelle
*''Raggedy Ann and Andy and the Camel with the Wrinkled Knees'' (1924) by Johnny Gruelle
*''Raggedy Andy's Number Book'' (1924) written and illustrated by Johnny Gruelle
*''Raggedy Ann's Wishing Pebble'' (1925) by Johnny Gruelle
*''Raggedy Ann's Alphabet Book'' (1925) by Johnny Gruelle
*''Beloved Belindy'' (1926) written and illustrated by Johnny Gruelle
*''The Paper Dragon: A Raggedy Ann Adventure'' (1926) by Johnny Gruelle
*''Wooden Willie'' (1927) written and illustrated by Johnny Gruelle
*''Raggedy Ann's Fairy Stories'' (1928) written and illustrated by Johnny Gruelle
*''Raggedy Ann's Magical Wishes'' (1928) written and illustrated by Johnny Gruelle
*''Marcella: A Raggedy Ann Story'' (1929) by Johnny Gruelle
*''Raggedy Ann in the Deep Deep Woods'' (1930) written and illustrated by Johnny Gruelle
*''Raggedy Ann's Sunny Songs'' (1930) words and illustrations by Johnny Gruelle, music by Will Woodin
*''Raggedy Ann in Cookie Land'' (1931) by Johnny Gruelle
*''Raggedy Ann's Lucky Pennies'' (1932) by Johnny Gruelle
*''Raggedy Ann in the Golden Meadow'' (1935) by Johnny Gruelle
*''Raggedy Ann and the Left-Handed Safety Pin'' (1935)
*''Raggedy Ann's Joyful Songs'' (1937) words and illustrations by Johnny Gruelle, music by Chas. Miller
*''Raggedy Ann in the Magic Book'' (1939) written by Johnny Gruelle, illustrated by Worth Gruelle
*''Raggedy Ann and the Laughing Brook'' (1940) by Johnny Gruelle
*''Raggedy Ann and the Golden Butterfly'' (1940) by Johnny Gruelle
*''Raggedy Ann and the Hoppy Toad'' (1940)
*''Raggedy Ann Helps Grandpa Hoppergrass'' (1940) by Johnny Gruelle
*''Raggedy Ann Goes Sailing'' (1941)
*''Raggedy Ann and Andy and the Nice Fat Policeman'' (1942) by Johnny Gruelle
*''Raggedy Ann and Betsy Bonnet String'' (1943) by Johnny Gruelle
*''Raggedy Ann and Andy'' (1944)
*''Raggedy Ann in the Snow White Castle'' (1946)
*''Raggedy Ann's Adventures'' (1947)
*''Raggedy Ann and the Slippery Slide'' (1947)
*''Ragged Ann's Mystery'' (1947)
*''Raggedy Ann and Marcella's First Day At School'' (1952)
*''Raggedy Ann's Merriest Christmas'' (1952) by Johnny Gruelle
*''Raggedy Andy's Surprise'' (1953)
*''Raggedy Ann's Tea Party'' (1954)
*''Raggedy Ann's Secret'' (1959)
*''Raggedy Ann and the Golden Ring'' (1961)
*''Raggedy Ann and the Hobby Horse'' (1961) by Johnny Gruelle
*''Raggedy Ann and the Happy Meadow'' (1961)
*''Raggedy Ann and the Wonderful Witch'' (1961)
*''Raggedy Ann and the Tagalong Present'' (1971)
*''Raggedy Andy's Treasure Hunt'' (1973)
*''Raggedy Ann's Cooking School'' (1974)
*''Raggedy Granny Stories'' (1977) by Doris Thorner Salzberg

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.theofficialraggedyann.com The Official Raggedy Ann Website (Simon and Schuster books)]
*''[http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/18190 Raggedy Ann Stories]'' from [[wikipedia:Project Gutenberg| Project Gutenberg]]
*''[http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/17371 Raggedy Andy Stories]'' from Project Gutenberg
*[http://www.raggedy-ann.com/patty.html Raggedy Ann and Andy: History and Legend by Patricia Hall]
*[http://www.raggedyann-museum.org/ The Johnny Gruelle Raggedy Ann & Andy Museum in Arcola, Illinois]
*[http://www.ragsmagazine.com/ RAGS Magazine - A publication for Raggedy collectors and enthusiasts]
*[http://www.ragdollroom.com/vintanns.htm Large Collection of Raggedy Ann Photos]

[[Category:Dolls]]

Polly Pocket

2008-10-09T03:39:18Z

Summary:

[[Image:2712433615 fb70451ab0 o.jpg|thumb|right|350px|Polly Pocket Runway]]
'''Polly Pocket''' is a line of small plastic dolls and accessories aimed at girls. The name comes from the fact that many of the original Polly Pocket toys came in pocket-size cases. The current Fashion Polly dolls sold by [[wikipedia:Mattel| Mattel]] differ significantly from those originally sold by [[Bluebird Toys]]. The original Bluebird dolls were less than one inch tall and made of hard plastic. Mattel's are two to three inches tall and are composed of a pliable plastic with soft rubberized clothing and fashion accessories.

Polly was first designed by Manny Kin in 1983 for his daughter Kate, using an amateur model, Michael McGathy, from which he discovered on a vacation to Ireland in the county Cork. Using a powder compact, he fashioned a small house for the tiny doll. Bluebird Toys of [[wikipedia:Swindon| Swindon]], [[wikipedia:England| England]] licensed the concept and the first Polly Pocket appeared in stores in 1989. [[wikipedia:Mattel| Mattel]] held a distribution arrangement with Bluebird Toys for Polly Pocket items in the early-1990s. In 1998, while production lulled, Bluebird Toys endured several hostile take-over attempts until [[wikipedia:Mattel| Mattel]] finally purchased them later that year.

In 1999, [[wikipedia:Mattel| Mattel]] redesigned Polly and created a new series of collectible items. The new Polly doll is larger and has a more life-like appearance than the original dolls. That same year, [[wikipedia:Mattel| Mattel]] also introduced Fashion Polly!, which used the same characters from the new Polly Pocket (Polly, Lea, Shani, Lila, etc.), but they came in the form of 3 ¾ inch (9.5 cm) plastic jointed dolls. They gave a new spin on fashion dolls; instead of traditional cloth clothing, Polly Pockets used unique "Polly Stretch" garments, rubbery plastic clothes that could be put on the dolls and removed. There are also some boy dolls (Rick, Steven, etc.)

==Trivia==
On the children's PBS Kids show [[wikipedia:Arthur (TV Series)|Arthur]], Polly Pocket is parodied as "Polly Locket", a doll in which one can place a picture inside the doll's face.

==External links==
*[http://pollypocket.everythinggirl.com/home.aspx Polly Pocket]
*[http://www.onlypollypocket.com/ OnlyPollyPocket.com]
*[http://www.fam-bouwmeester.nl/ Polly Pocket Time]

[[Category:Dolls]]
[[Category:Transforming toys]]

Fulla

2008-10-09T03:35:34Z

Summary:

[[Image:250867099 dc6528f363 b.jpg|thumb|300px|right|''Fulla Doll'']]
'''Fulla''' is the name of an 11 1/2 inch [[Barbie]]-like [[fashion doll]] marketed to children of [[wikipedia:Islam|Islamic]] and [[wikipedia:Middle East|Middle-Eastern]] countries as an alternative to Barbie. The concept of her evolved around 1999, and she hit stores in late 2003.<ref>Khaleej Times Online.com. "[http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticle.asp?xfile=data/todaysfeatures/2005/November/todaysfeatures_November54.xml&section=todaysfeatures "Fulla" - the Arab world’s Barbie]". Retrieved on July 21, 2006.</ref> Fulla was created by a [[wikipedia:UAE| UAE]] manufacturer from [[wikipedia:Dubai| Dubai]], and a toy company called NewBoy FZCO. Fulla is also sold in [[wikipedia:China| China]], [[wikipedia:Brazil| Brazil]], [[wikipedia:North Africa| North Africa]], [[wikipedia:Egypt| Egypt]] and [[wikipedia:Indonesia| Indonesia]], while a few are sold in the [[wikipedia:United States|United States]]. Although there had been many other dolls in the past that were created with a [[wikipedia:hijab| hijab]], such as [[wikipedia:Razanne| Razanne]] and Moroccan Barbie, none of them had ever been as popular as Fulla.<ref>Feministing.com. "[http://feministing.com/archives/003991.html All dolled up...well, not really]". Retrieved on July 16, 2006.</ref> Fulla is a [[wikipedia:Role model|role-model]] to some Muslim people, displaying how many [[wikipedia:Muslim| Muslim]] people would prefer their daughters to dress and behave.<ref>Arts & Entertainment.com. "“[http://69.93.14.237/entertainment/fulla_doll_2006.cfm Fulla—the Hijab-Wearing Barbie w/Muslim Values Thrives among Young Girls in the Middle East]". Retrieved on July 24, 2006.</ref>

==Development and information==
===Appearance===
At first, Fulla was developed to have long coal black hair streaked with [[wikipedia:Auburn hair|auburn]] and brown eyes, but later, dolls with lighter hair and eyes were introduced. The product development team considered about 10 different faces before deciding on her look.<ref>Liberty Post.org. "[http://www.libertypost.org/cgi-bin/readart.cgi?ArtNum=124934 Barbie who? (Fulla, her Islamic counterpart takes her on)]". Retrieved on July 17, 2006.</ref> She was dressed in a black [[wikipedia:abaya| abaya]] and [[wikipedia:head scarf| head scarf]] for the Saudi market, but no [[wikipedia:veil| veil]] in other markets; because the product development didn't want to "go to extremes." <ref>USATODAY.com. "[http://www.usatoday.com/printedition/news/20051214/opledefulla.art.htm Move over, Barbie]". Retrieved on July 13, 2006.</ref> For more liberal countries, Fulla has a white scarf and pastel coat. Her outdoor clothes have since become more colorful, but her shoulders are always covered and the skirt always falls below her knees, as traditionally, Muslim women do not show much skin. Her indoor clothes, however, are designed like modern outfits and include skirts, [[wikipedia:Swimsuit|swimwear]], and even [[wikipedia:lingerie| lingerie]].<ref>Middle East Times.com. "[http://metimes.com/articles/normal.php?StoryID=20060111-122453-6375r Mideast 'Barbie' dolls don Muslim veil]". Retrieved on July 18, 2006.</ref> <ref>Floridian.com. "[http://www.sptimes.com/2005/05/15/Floridian/The_doll_that_has_eve.shtml The doll that has everything...almost]". Retrieved on July 13, 2006.</ref>

===Arab values===
Barbie was banned in Saudi Arabia because she promoted values not shared by their society.<ref>Floridian/Cover up.com. "[http://www.sptimes.com/2004/01/12/Floridian/Coverup_girl.shtml Coverup Girl]". Retrieved on July 13, 2006.</ref> Fulla was created as an alternative for Barbie to reflect [[wikipedia:Muslim| Muslim]] values. She is named for a fragrant jasmine flower found only in the [[wikipedia:Middle East| Middle East]]. Her personality was designed to be "loving, caring, honest, and respects[ing of] her mother and father. She's good to her friends. She's honest and doesn't lie. She likes reading. She likes, rather, she loves fashion.<ref>Alarab Online.com. "[http://english.alarabonline.org/display.asp?fname=2006%5C01%5C01-11%5Czculturez%5C971.htm&dismode=x&ts=11/01/2006%2010:52:34%20%C3%95 Barbie dolls don Islamic veil]". Retrieved on July 15, 2006.</ref>" Fulla has two friends, Yasmeen and Nada, as well as a little brother and sister. An older protective brother is in development for her, as well as a [[wikipedia:teacher| teacher]] and [[wikipedia:Physician|doctor]] Fulla, which are two careers that Fulla's creators believe to be respectable.<ref>Middle East.com. "[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4605334.stm?ls/ Barbie loses out to veiled rival]". Retrieved on July 13, 2006.</ref> Fulla will not have a boyfriend, because Muslims believe that it is not an [[wikipedia:Islamic| Islamic]] value.<ref>The New York Times.com. "[http://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/22/international/middleeast/22doll.html?ex=1285041600&en=72bb8cc089bf9435&ei=5090 Bestseller in Mideast: Barbie With a Prayer Mat]". Retrieved on July 13, 2006.</ref> Fulla's creators believe that Muslim parents become angry by the Western-inspired changes in views on sexuality and on the role of women, meaning that Fulla is supposed to show traditional Islamic values and social order. <ref>AMANA.com. "[http://www.al-amana.org/article.php?id=1582 Barbie meets her Muslim match]". Retrieved on July 21, 2006.</ref> She does, however, have many costumes, in addition to the hijab, that reflect the everyday wear of Muslim girls nowadays in Middle Eastern countries that attain to Muslim values, yet are still considered fashionable in the West.

===Advertising===
In Saudi Arabia, animated commercials display Fulla's life, such as showing the doll saying her prayers as the sun rises, baking a cake to surprise her friend, or reading a book at bedtime. Abidin says that these scenes are "designed to convey Fulla's values" and show what behavior Fulla is promoting.<ref>ANBA.com. "[http://www.anba.com.br/ingles/noticia.php?id=8769 Virtual store wants to sell Muslim dolls in Brazil]". Retrieved on July 13, 2006.</ref> Often, her commercials begin with her singing in a high voice in [[wikipedia:Arabic language|Arabic]]: "''She will soon be by my side, and I can tell her my deepest secrets''". Another series of commercials advertises her to be family-oriented, showing a group of [[wikipedia:Syria|Syrian]] actresses who display Fulla [[wikipedia:Silver (household)|silverware]], [[wikipedia:stationery| stationery]], and [[wikipedia:Fashion accessory|accessories]]. Fulla's commercials often promote modest outfits, as one of Fulla's commercials had warned, "When you take Fulla out of the house, don't forget her new spring [[wikipedia:abaya| abaya]]!<ref>islamonline.com. "[http://www.islamonline.com/cgi-bin/news_service/world_full_story.asp?service_id=1773 Hijab doll knock Barbie off shelves]". Retrieved on July 13, 2006.</ref>"

==Differences with Barbie==
Fulla and [[Barbie]] are alike in many ways, such as in size, height, and popularity, that Fulla is sometimes nicknamed a '[[wikipedia:Muslim| Muslim]] Barbie'.<ref>YaleGlobal Online.com. "[http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/article.print?id=7545 YaleGlobal]". Retrieved on July 22, 2006.</ref> Differences between them include lifestyle and appearance. Fulla's activities mostly include shopping, spending time with her friends, cooking, reading, and praying. Barbie dolls come in a wide range of hobbies and careers. According to the brand manager at NewBoy, there will be a doctor and a teacher Fulla in the future, as "these are two respected careers for women that we would like to encourage small girls to follow." <ref>The New York Times.com. "[http://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/22/international/middleeast/22doll.html?ex=1285041600&en=72bb8cc089bf9435&ei=5090 Bestseller in Mideast: Barbie With a Prayer Mat]". Retrieved on July 13, 2006.</ref>


Although they both have a wide range of clothes, furniture, jewelry, and other equipment, Fulla's outdoor clothes do not include swimwear or anything similarly revealing. Compared to Barbie's curves, skinny legs, and large breasts, Fulla has a smaller chest, is skinnier, and may be younger than Barbie.<ref>wcco.com. "[http://wcco.com/consumer/local_story_014214356.html Fulla Doll Gains Popularity In Egypt]". Retrieved on July 17, 2006.</ref> While the standard Barbie has blond hair, blue eyes, and fair skin, the standard Fulla has dark hair, brown eyes, and [[wikipedia:olive skin| olive skin]]. Despite this, they are both criticized "for presenting the same unrealistic idea of beauty... a certain image for women to conform to.<ref>Csmonitor.com. "[http://www.csmonitor.com/2005/1125/p08s02-coop.htm Can Fulla save Muslim girls from Barbie?]". Retrieved on July 21, 2006.</ref>" Fulla was actually once described to be the physical [[wikipedia:antithesis| antithesis]] of [[wikipedia:Mattel|Mattel's]] Barbie.<ref>Chicago Sun-Times.com. "[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4155/is_20051030/ai_n15910241 Bye-bye Barbie: Muslim families pick modest Fulla doll]". Retrieved on July 13, 2006.</ref>

Fulla was designed to promote Muslim values and be a role model for Muslim girls worldwide, whereas Barbie is targeted to [[wikipedia:Americas|Americans]].<ref>Toydirectory.com. "[http://www.toydirectory.com/monthly/article.asp?id=1593 The Road to Damascus: A Whole New Fashion Doll for the Middle East]". Retrieved on July 13, 2006.</ref>

==Popularity==
Fulla is sold with a line of accessories, including [[wikipedia:umbrella| umbrella]]s, [[wikipedia:Watch|watches]], [[wikipedia:bicycle| bicycle]]s, [[wikipedia:corn flakes| corn flakes]], [[wikipedia:camera| camera]]s, [[wikipedia:Compact disc player|CD players]], [[wikipedia:List of chairs#I|inflatable chairs]], and [[wikipedia:Swimming pool|swimming pools]]. She was designed to be unlike Barbie and to be the traditional [[wikipedia:Muslim| Muslim]] woman whose life revolves around home and family.<ref>Western Resistance.com. "[http://www.westernresistance.com/blog/archives/000179.html Middle East: Islamic Doll Kicks Barbie's Ass]". Retrieved on July 13, 2006.</ref> Some Muslim parents have claimed that if girls dress their dolls in headscarves, they will be more encouraged to wear a [[wikipedia:hijab| hijab]] themselves.<ref>International Herald Tribute.com. "[http://www.iht.com/articles/2005/09/21/news/journal.php Barbie pushed aside in Mideast cultural shift]". Retrieved on July 13, 2006.</ref> Fulla has been praised as giving girls a Muslim role model.<ref>Middle East Online.com. "[http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=15449 Veiled Fulla is Arab answer to Barbie]". Retrieved on July 13, 2006.</ref>

Compared to the $3,100 average income in the countries she is sold, Fulla is relatively expensive at about $10 for the standard doll.<ref>Militant Islam Monitor.com. "[http://www.militantislammonitor.org/article/id/1574 Barbie converts to Islam and gets a hijab]". Retrieved on July 24, 2006.</ref> Because of this, NewBoy created a cheaper version of the doll called Fulla Style.<ref>Tbt.com. "[http://www.sptimes.com/2005/05/18/Tbt/Doll_that_has_it_all_.shtml Doll that has it all (almost)]". Retrieved on July 21, 2006.</ref>

==See also==
*[[Barbie]]
*[[Jamila (doll)]]
*[[Fashion doll]]
*[[Razanne]]
*[[Saghira]]
*[[Sara and Dara dolls]] (from Iran)

==Notes and references==
<div class="references-small"><references /></div>

[[Category:Fashion dolls]]
[[Category:Playscale figures]]

Bratz

2008-10-09T02:46:39Z

Summary:

[[Image:2749830409 68643c1647 o.jpg|400px|thumb|right|Glitz 'n' Glam Bratz Dolls]]
'''Bratz''' is a popular children's [[doll]] franchise produced by [[wikipedia:MGA Entertainment| MGA Entertainment]].
The 254mm (10 inch) dolls are characterized by large heads with wide eyes, full lips, very small noses, short torsos, and shoes that can be snapped on and off. The popularity of the four primary dolls - Cloe, Yasmin, Sasha and Jade - eventually encouraged development of additional friends, spin offs, feature films, games, music albums, and a successful television series.

== History ==
Bratz was created by toy designer Carter Bryant. In 2000, he met with [[wikipedia:Isaac Larian| Isaac Larian]] the CEO of Micro-Games America Entertainment (MGA Entertainment).<ref>[http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-28862638_ITM "Little Hotties"], [[wikipedia:The New Yorker| The New Yorker]], December 4, 2006</ref> There, Mr. Bryant presented his pictures to Mr. Larian, who found that the concept sketches enthralled his daughter, Jasmin, who was visiting the office at the time.

In June 1, 2001, the first four Bratz dolls, Yasmin, Cloe, Jade, and Sasha were released to market, each attired in urban-styled fashions. The Bratz quickly gained strong popularity, becoming the number one doll brand in several countries like [[wikipedia:France| France]], [[wikipedia:Spain| Spain]], [[wikipedia:Israel| Israel]] and [[wikipedia:Italy| Italy]], and the number two doll in the [[wikipedia:United Kingdom| United Kingdom]]. The dolls won [[wikipedia:Family Fun Magazine|Family Fun]]'s Toy of the Year award and [[wikipedia:TIA| TIA]] People's Choice Toy of the Year Award for 2001.

===2004===
In 2004, the rights to distribute Bratz in the United Kingdom were acquired by [[wikipedia:Vivid Imaginations| Vivid Imaginations]]. This licensing arrangement continued until 2008, when MGA set up its own office in the UK.<ref>Dungan, Ronnie (2008-05-31). "[http://www.toynewsmag.com/spotlight/13/INTERVIEW-Vivid-Imaginations Vivid Imaginations]", ''Spotlight'', Toy News. Retrieved on 2008-08-28.</ref> In January, Lil Bratz took over the number one spot of mini-dolls from [[Polly Pocket]] in the United Kingdom.<ref>[http://mgae.com/downloads/pressreleases/Lil%20Bratz.UK.pdf] LIL’ BRATZ OVERTAKE POLLY POCKET AS THE #1 SELLING MINI DOLL IN THE UK IN JANUARY", MGA Entertainment, 4 March 2004.</ref> In August 2004, a straight to video animated movie, ''Bratz Starrin & Stylin''', was released. In fall 2004, Bratz dolls outsold their rival, [[Barbie]], and became number one in the United Kingdom.<ref> [http://oyunkutusu.org/etiket/Bratz/ Bratz topple Barbie from top spot]. BBC News. September 9, 2004</ref>

===2005===
In 2005, the Bratz' fashion style moved away from urban themes and towards more everyday styles. This was the year the Play Sportz line debuted, in which each Bratz girl was dressed for a different sporting activity, with coordinating accessories. Other collections included I-Candyz, Live In Concert/ Space Angelz Pop Stars , Treasures!, [[wikipedia:DynaMite (Bratz)|DynaMite]] Rock It! (boys only), Step Out! (celebrating the Bratz 5th anniversary), Step Off!, Birthday Bash (80s inspired), Campfire (warm winter camping gear and furry boots), Midnight Dance (a goth-esque collection with capes and detailed masks), Hollywood Style (Phoebe, Cloe, Yasmin, and Dana dressed for a Hollywood premiere in repeat Bratz formal fashions), Wild Wild West, and [[wikipedia:Rock Angelz| Rock Angelz]] (70s rocker style), which was the Bratz flagship collection for that year.

Cloe, Sasha, Jade, Yasmin, Roxxi, Meygan, Eitan as the Rock Angelz, were dressed in 70s inspired rock attire. Each girl except Meygan, their #1 fan club president, and Eitan, their roadie who came with Yasmin in a 2 doll package, had a guitar and a mini CD single including 2 songs. Many tie-in products were also released, including boom boxes, CD towers, guitars, fashion accessories, the [[wikipedia:Rock Angelz|CD]], the single "So Good", the UK bestselling, and 2005's #1 girl-targeted [[wikipedia:Bratz: Rock Angelz (video game)|video game]]<ref>"[http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=96376&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=906243&highlight=/ THQ ships Bratz Forever Diamondz]", THQ.com (September 18, 2006).</ref> published by [[wikipedia:THQ| THQ]] and the DVD, which showcased the Bratz in a computer-animated adventure as they started up their own fashion magazine.

At the end of 2005, MGA Entertainment entered the lucrative mobile phone market by introducing Bratz Mobile. The lone offering for Bratz Mobile was a [[wikipedia:Sony Ericsson| Sony Ericsson]] T290a candybar style mobile phone pre-loaded with exclusive Bratz-themed wallpapers, ringtones, games, and screensavers.

===2006===
Following the success of the Bratz Rock Angelz collection, MGA Entertainment released their flagship collection for 2006, Bratz Genie Magic. The collection included Cloe, Sasha, Jade, Meygan and Yasmin dressed in extravagant and elaborate Moroccan/Egyptian/Bohemian-style fashions. Also included in the Bratz Genie Magic collection is Katia, who was released with a Genie Magic bottle playset that converted itself into a late night lounge, and like Rock Angelz, Genie Magic had accompanying tie-in lifestyle products. Genie Magic would prove to be one of the biggest selling Bratz collections in the company's history. Highlighting the release of the Bratz Genie Magic collection was the release of the Bratz Genie Magic DVD and [[wikipedia:Bratz: Genie Magic (album)|CD]] in April 2006, which also won the Parent to Parent Adding Wisdom Award.

In May 2006, MGA Entertainment announced that legal issues forced the company to remove Kiana, introduced in the Wild Wild West collection, from the Bratz Pack, because [[wikipedia:Mattel| Mattel]], Inc. claimed that they owned a trademark to the name "Kianna" with their Teen Trends doll line and that MGA Entertainment's Wild Wild West Kiana doll infringed upon their trademark. MGA Entertainment thus ceased further usage of the name "Kiana" and will not produce any more Bratz dolls bearing the name. This would be the first of several cancellations for MGA in 2006; plans to release Leah and Roxxi in a second wave of the Midnight Dance collection were scrapped, as were plans for Nevra and Jade for the Play Sportz collection. To date, no reason has been given for the cancellations.

In August 2006, MGA Entertainment released the kid version of [[Bratz Kidz]] and its platinum vintage Bratz collection, [[Bratz Forever Diamondz]], which is one of the most expensive Bratz doll collections ever released with only one fashion. The characters featured in the Forever Diamondz collection are Jade, Cloe, Sasha, Yasmin, and a new character named Sharidan. Included with each doll in the Forever Diamondz collection is a diamond gem with a certificate of authentication. Also included with the Bratz Forever Diamondz collection is a "Fashion Show On The Go" rolling runway playset, a Fashion Design Kit Studio, the RC Cruiser, and Funky Fashion Makeover styling heads. Katia, Fianna, and Vinessa{{Fact|date=June 2008}} were later releases in the Forever Diamondz collection; they retailed for $19.99 each and were packaged not with a real diamond, but with a coordinating T-shirt and denim skirt and an array of simulated gems with which to decorate the second outfit.

Even before the formal release of Bratz Forever Diamondz, the collection had apparently already won the ''Australian Girls Toy of the Year'' award. On September 26, 2006, a new DVD released with the same title. The CD with the [[wikipedia:Bratz: Forever Diamondz (album)|same name]] released on September 19, 2006. [[wikipedia:THQ| THQ]] released a [[wikipedia:Bratz: Forever Diamondz (video game)|videogame]] on September 18, 2006.

MGA, along with Canadian based fashion designer Marie Saint Pierre, teamed up to create an exclusive line of French-Canadian Bratz called 'Ooh lah lah' featuring three new exclusive characters. The line debuted in Sensation Mode, part of Montreal Fashion Week on October 16, 2006. The line is exclusive to Wal-Mart in Canada and only 30,000 were made.<ref>"[http://bratz-world.diaryland.com/MStPierre.html Bratz World Bratz Dolls - Interview with Marie Saint Pierre]". Bratz World (2006). Retrieved on 2007-02-24.</ref>

===2007===
In 2007, MGA presented Bratz Adventure Girlz (hip camouflaged camping clothes and gear), Fashion Pixiez (fairy themed dolls with glitter and wings with a direct-to-DVD and a [[wikipedia:Bratz: Fashion Pixiez (album)|music CD]]), and second waves of the Passion 4 Fashion and Birthday collections. Other collections included Pampered Pupz (stylized dolls with matching dogs and dog outfits), and Magic Hair (5-in-1 hairstyling 10 inch dolls with real memory hair).

MGA Entertainment, Avi Arad Productions and Crystal Sky Pictures announced that they were to jointly produce a Bratz live action movie to be released on August 3, 2007.<ref>"[http://mgae.com/downloads/pressreleases/Bratz%20Theatrical%20Release.pdf New Motion Picture Based on the Billion Dollar Toy Franchise]", MGA Entertainment (May 19, 2006).</ref>.

On February 6, 2007 according to NPD Group, the Bratz became the #1 fashion themed dolls in [[wikipedia:the USA| the USA]] in the fourth Quarter of 2006.<ref>"[http://www.mgae.com/downloads/pressreleases/Bratz%20Press%20Release.pdf Bratz becomes #1 Fashion themed Dolls and Accessories in the USA]", MGA Entertainment (February 6, 2007).</ref><ref>"[http://www.playthings.com/article/CA6413828.html Bratz beat Barbie in Q4]", Playthings Magazine (February 6, 2007).</ref> The bratz also released a Bratz doll called "Scoop 'n' Poop", where the doll came with an adorable outfit, and a pet. When squeezing the pet, a soft brown gel came out from the other end. This doll was only released in Australia

The Bratz also had a live concert tour with the title Passion 4 Fashion World Tour from March 30 - April 25 exclusively in the [[wikipedia:United Kingdom|UK]].<ref>"[http://www.scscreate.com/bratz/ Bratz - Live in Concert]" (SWF). SCS Create. Retrieved on 2007-02-24.</ref>

The Australian distributor of Bratz dolls held a design competition across multiple age groups to design outfits for various categories. The entries closed at the end of July 2007.{{Fact|date=August 2008}}
Fans called this the worst year ever.
===2008===
[[wikipedia:Nickelodeon (TV channel)|Nickelodeon]] announced the October launch of a Bratz-themed reality show, ''[[wikipedia:Bratz Design Academy| Bratz Design Academy]]'' in which 9 to 14 year olds will compete in ''[[wikipedia:Project Runway| Project Runway]]''-type [[wikipedia:fashion| fashion]] challenges, with the winner designing clothing for a British line of Bratz dolls.<ref>[http://www.brandrepublic.com/Marketing/News/830222/Bratz-plots-kids-fashion-TV-show/ Bratz plots kids' fashion TV show]</ref>
Averell Davis:

==Bratz Lines==
===Lil' Bratz===
Lil' Bratz (2002–present): The miniature versions, were originally created for a cheaper solution to buying Bratz. They were very popular to begin with, simply being miniature versions of the original four characters. But, in 2005, the four characters were given new names and slightly different appearances (eye colour, etc.) Only a few lines were created. A final attempt to keep the brand was made. The line Funk House was popular because the dolls were designed to look more like their cartoon counterparts. The line was dropped shortly after the release of Funk House. Lil' Bratz also featured Lil' Boyz who were sold briefly as original and new characters like the girls. In 2007, they released a clothing line called Lil' Bratz Couture. In 2008, Lil' Bratz were brought back on the market, made smaller, with the original four Bratz characters of Cloe, Jade, Yasmin, and Sasha.

===Bratz Boyz===
Bratz Boyz (2002–present): These are the male counterparts of the Bratz. They are less popular than the girls and have only a third of the amount of characters. The original Bratz Boyz were Cameron and Dylan, who became popular after the release and even attracted male fans. More characters were added which only made them more popular. But with the recent lack of new characters, the popularity of these dolls has declined. New releases were less frequent in the 3rd and 4th quarters of 2006 leading to an impression that the Boyz were no longer being designed. The first Quarter of 2007 is showing increased activity from MGA with the long-awaited release of the Bratz Boyz Twiins, all-new character Wayne as part of the Rodeo line, a new Adventure Boyz Cameron, Bryce as part of the Hot Summer Dayz line, and Cade (now a blonde) as part of the Play Sportz line. More recently, Eitan was released as part of the Winter line, Bryce in the Movie line, and Cameron in the Play Sportz line. Dylan (part of the date night line) Cameron (part of the neon pop line) and Koby (part of the surfer cool line) are featured in the 2008 collections.

===Bratz Babyz===
Bratz Babyz (2004-2008): The Babyz were originally released with molded hair, one outfit and infant accessories (bottle, blanket, soft toy and other items) At first the Bratz Babyz were not popular because of their "disproportioned heads (compared to normal Bratz) and especially the molded hair. They became more popular as fans warmed to them. When Bratz Babyz with long, "real" hair (Hair Flair) were released, the popularity grew. More characters from the regular Bratz are being added to The Bratz Babyz line making the Bratz Babyz grow in popularity to this day.

Bratz Big Babyz (2005-2008): As its name says: a bigger version of the Bratz Babyz.

Bratz Lil' Angelz (2007-Present) are the newborn, collectable version of Bratz Babyz. They are smaller than regular Bratz Babyz and come with their own newborn pets.

===Bratz Petz===
Bratz Petz (discontinued, 2004–2006): Bratz Petz are the plush toys that resemble foxes, cats and dogs. They were not for the dolls, they were the size of an average teddy bear, making them awkward in the bratz universe. They came with bags, clothes and other accessories which made them fit into the Bratz fashion theme. They were not popular, and disappeared totally from the market in 2006. Bratz Petz have been re-released recently in Australia and the UK as completely different toys. They are plastic and come with bobble heads, and are sized to fit with the Big Bratz Babys. Each Petz comes with several accessories that are more appropriate than the old Bratz Petz. This new form of Bratz Petz are popular in Australia and the UK, months after their initial release.

===Bratz Kidz===
Bratz Kidz (2006–present): Bratz Kidz are the child equivalent to the popular Bratz doll LINE
. The dolls are 6 inches tall and are proportioned to be shorter than the normal Bratz. In the Fall 2007 season, Bratz Boyz Kidz were introduced, featuring the four main Boyz.Their first movie was released in JULY 2007 based on the sleepover adventure line.Their second movie was released in February,2008 and it has a fairy-tale storyline. No dolls have been released with the same theme.

===Be-Bratz===
Be-Bratz (2007–present): Be-Bratz dolls are similar to regular Bratz dolls, but without their own individual names, as they are designed for the owner to name and customise themselves. They also come with a mini metallic pink [[wikipedia:USB| USB]] [[wikipedia:mouse (computing)|mouse]], a Be-Bratz mousepad, a Be-Bratz USB Key necklace, and a mini-pet. When the USB key is inserted into the [[wikipedia:Personal computer|PC]], the owner can then take their Be-Bratz doll online, name it, and create an online social homepage for it. Games can be played with your Be-Bratz account to win more points, which can then be spent on clothing, furniture, and food for your online Be-Bratz doll.

==Bratz versus Barbie==
In June 2001, [[wikipedia:MGA Entertainment| MGA Entertainment]] launched the Bratz range of dolls, a move that would give [[Barbie]] her first serious competition in the fashion doll market. In 2004, sales figures showed that Bratz dolls were outselling Barbie dolls in the [[wikipedia:United Kingdom| United Kingdom]], although Mattel maintained that in terms of the number of dolls, clothes and accessories sold, Barbie remained the leading brand.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/3640958.stm BBC NEWS | Business | Bratz topple Barbie from top spot]</ref> In 2005, figures showed that sales of Barbie dolls had fallen by 30% in the [[wikipedia:United States| United States]], and by 18% worldwide, with much of the drop being attributed to the popularity of Bratz dolls.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4350846.stm BBC NEWS | Business | Barbie blues for toy-maker Mattel]</ref>

In April 2005, MGA Entertainment filed a [[wikipedia:lawsuit| lawsuit]] against Mattel, claiming that the [[wikipedia:My Scene| My Scene]] range of Barbie dolls had copied the doe-eyed look of Bratz dolls. The lawsuit is currently pending in the court system of [[wikipedia:California| California]].<ref>[http://promomagazine.com/news/mgaent_mattel_041905/ Bratz Doll Maker Files Lawsuit Against Mattel]</ref>

Mattel sued MGA Entertainment for $500 million alleging that Bryant came up with the idea of developing Bratz dolls when he was working for Mattel.<ref>"[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/12/10/wdoll10.xml Barbie takes on the Bratz for $500m]", Telegraph (November 12, 2006).</ref> On Thursday, July 17 2008, a federal jury ruled that the Bratz line was created by Carter Bryant while he was working for Mattel. The jury also ruled that MGA and its Chief Executive Officer Isaac Larian were liable for converting Mattel property for their own use and intentionally interfering with the contractual duties owed by Bryant to Mattel.<ref>"[http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/18/business/18toy.html?_r=1&ref=business&oref=slogin Jury Rules for Mattel in Bratz Doll Case]", New York Times (July 18, 2008).</ref> On August 26, the same jury found that Mattel would have to be paid [[wikicoins:United States dollar|US $]]100 million in damages.

== See also ==
* [[List of Bratz characters]]
* [[List of Bratz products]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==See also==
* [[wikipedia:Yummi-Land| Yummi-Land]]

== External links==
* [http://www.bratz.com/ Bratz.com]: The official Bratz website.
* [http://mgae.com/ MGA Entertainment]: Manufacturer of the Bratz dolls.
* [http://bratz-world.diaryland.com/BratzList.html Bratz Checklist]: A Bratz checklist with picture links.
* [http://www.thetoyreview.com/wiki/Bratz_Dolls Bratz Toys]: Bratz pictures and reviews.
* [http://www.lapassiondesbratz.simulatus.info Bratz Book Mockup]: Bratz book, pictures and information.

[[Category:Bratz|*]]
[[Category:Dolls]]
[[Category:MGA Entertainment brands]]
[[Category:Fashion dolls]]
[[Category:Animated musical groups]]
[[Category:2000s fads]]
[[Category:Toys of the 2000s]]

Brass Key Keepsakes

2008-10-09T01:47:22Z

Summary:

[[Image:Snow White Doll.jpg|thumb|250px|Snow White Doll]]
Brass Key, Inc. is a company started by two sisters, Judy and Mary, in the 1980's. The company was originally a supplier of brass beds until 1987 when it turned its attention to toys/collectibles. In 1993, they began manufacturing porcelain dolls. These dolls were a huge success and Brass Key has expanded to include the manufacturing of many other kinds of collectibles. Their motto is quality merchandise at an affordable price.

== Products ==
Brass Key's most popular products are their glass-eyed [[porcelain dolls]], namely those of the [[Disney Princess]] line. These dolls have an intense amount of detail in their outfits and hair-do's. It can be seen that there is a conscious effort to make the dolls appear as similar as possible to their movie counterparts, unlike most plastic doll versions of the same characters. All BK dolls come with a small brass [[wikipedia:Key (lock)|key]] looped around their right wrist and may also include a small [[wikipedia:keepsake| keepsake]] (a photo, a globe, etc). These dolls are sold in specific stores (usually either [[wikipedia:Toys "R" Us| Toys "R" Us]], [[wikipedia:Costco| Costco]], [[wikipedia:K-Mart|K-Mart]], [[wikipedia:Wal-mart| Wal-mart]], or [[wikipedia:Sam's Club| Sam's Club]]) in limited quantities for a specified amount of time. Although they are very affordable ($20-$30), because they are in such limited quantities, if you miss your chance to buy the dolls when they first come out you will most likely only find them on sites like [[wikipedia:eBay| eBay]] for at least twice the original price.

So far, Pocahontas is the only official Disney Princess who hasn't been put in porcelain doll form by Brass Key. Some of the princesses (Cinderella, Belle, Snow White, Aurora) are more commonly manufactured than others (Ariel, Jasmine, Mulan) and are portrayed in more styles of outfits.

== References ==

Brass Key, Inc. official website [http://www.brass-key.com/rev2/]

[[Category:Dolls]]
[[Category:Collectibles]]

American Girl

2008-10-09T01:44:38Z

Summary:

[[Image:220689303 8232e8f96a b.jpg|right|350px|thumb|American Girl Place]]
'''American Girl''' is a line of [[doll]]s and accessories based on pre-teen-girl characters from various periods of [[wikipedia:American history| American history]]. [[wikipedia:Pleasant Rowland| Pleasant Rowland]] began selling them by mail order in 1986. Since then, 14 million American Girl dolls have been purchased, as well as 123 million copies of books about their adventures.<ref name=autogenerated1>[http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/29/movies/29scot.html# Film - The Age of American Girl - An Empire of Mixed Messages - NYTimes.com]</ref>

In 1998, Pleasant Company became a subsidiary of [[wikipedia:Mattel| Mattel]], Inc.

The company's flagship line is a collection of historical 18-inch dolls that come with books and accessories. The dolls, representing 9-10 year old girls, live through important times in American history and provide a child's perspective of significant events that helped to shape the United States.

== Overview ==
[[Image:129783627 1406b31191 b.jpg|right|350px|thumb|Felcity's Tea Set]]
In 1983, educator, writer and entrepreneur, Pleasant T. Rowland was looking for dolls to give her nieces for Christmas, and found only baby dolls and teen/adult dolls. That shopping experience, coupled with a visit to [[wikipedia:Colonial Williamsburg| Colonial Williamsburg]], inspired her to create the American Girl line of historical dolls and books.

In 1986 the first Pleasant Company catalogs were sent out featuring Samantha Parkington, Kirsten Larson, and Molly McIntire. These early catalogs featured the first three stories of each character's eventual six-book series, as well as their pajamas, beds and trunks. The original facemold used for these dolls was designed by [[wikipedia:Götz| Götz]], a [[wikipedia:Germany|German]] doll-maker. The company subsequently added three more historical characters (Felicity Merriman in 1991, Addy Walker in 1993, and Josefina Montoya in 1997) as well as a contemporary magazine ''[[wikipedia:American Girl (magazine)|American Girl]]'', a line of contemporary 18-inch 'American Girl of Today' dolls and the 'Bitty Baby' collection for younger girls.

In the 1990s production was moved to [[wikipedia:Hungary| Hungary]] for a year and then to [[wikipedia:China| China]].

In 1998 [[wikipedia:Mattel, Inc.| Mattel, Inc.]] acquired Pleasant Company. Rowland retired as president of American Girl two years later. The layout of the catalogs gradually began to change, shifting to a greater emphasis on the commercial web site and the modern doll collection (versus the historical dolls which were at the core of Pleasant Company's marketing efforts).

In 2000, Kit Kittredge was added to the historical line. The company also introduced a line of Limited Edition modern dolls, each produced for only one year. An eighth historical doll, Kaya, was added in 2002 to coincide with the introduction of Hallmark Gold Crown American Girl themed products. Hallmark began to market ornaments, charms and bracelets, bookends and books.{{Fact|date=May 2008}}.

In 2004, the name of the company changed from Pleasant Company to American Girl. In 2005, the name of the "American Girl Today" line was changed to "Just Like You."

In 2007, two American Girl Boutique and Bistros, smaller versions of the AG Places, appeared in [[wikipedia:Dallas, Texas| Dallas, Texas]] and [[wikipedia:Atlanta, Georgia| Atlanta, Georgia]]. Another two American Girl Boutique and Bistros are scheduled to open near Boston and in the [[wikipedia:Mall of America| Mall of America]] in November 2008.[http://www.boston.com/business/ticker/2008/05/american_girl_s.html?p1=Well_MostPop_Emailed5]

A ninth historical doll, Julie, was released in the fall of 2007, along with Julie's Best Friend doll, Ivy.

==American Girl Movies==
In 2003, American Girl teamed up with Red Om production company and [[wikipedia:Julia Roberts| Julia Roberts]] to create the first American Girl movie ''[[wikipedia:Samantha: An American Girl Holiday| Samantha: An American Girl Holiday]]''. Samantha was played by [[wikipedia:AnnaSophia Robb| AnnaSophia Robb]].

In 2005, Red OM produced the second American Girl TV movie ''[[wikipedia:Felicity: An American Girl Adventure| Felicity: An American Girl Adventure]]'', which starred [[wikipedia:Shailene Woodley| Shailene Woodley]] as Felicity.

The third American Girl television movie produced by Red Om, ''[[wikipedia:Molly: An American Girl on the Home Front| Molly: An American Girl on the Home Front]]'', appeared in 2006 and featured [[wikipedia:Maya Ritter| Maya Ritter]] as Molly.

The first American Girl movie to appear in theaters was ''[[wikipedia:Kit Kittredge: An American Girl| Kit Kittredge: An American Girl]]'' which opened in wide release on July 2 2008. It was produced by [[wikipedia:Picture House| Picture House]]. Kit was played by [[wikipedia:Academy Award| Academy Award]] nominee [[wikipedia:Abigail Breslin| Abigail Breslin]] and notable co-stars included [[wikipedia:Stanley Tucci| Stanley Tucci]], [[wikipedia:Chris O'Donnell| Chris O'Donnell]], [[wikipedia:Julia Ormond| Julia Ormond]] and [[wikipedia:Joan Cusack| Joan Cusack]].

Young actress [[wikipedia:Sammi Hanratty| Sammi Hanratty]] noted during a red carpet interview at the premiere of the Kit movie that she plays the next Girl of the Year in a film scheduled to debut in 2009, but that she was not permitted to discuss details<ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b0AdtLCNaUk&feature=related</ref>. A Variety Magazine citation for production comapny Sobini Films indicates that the movie is entitled "Chrissa Stands Strong" <ref>http://www2.variety.com/finguide2008_listings.asp?company_id=42020</ref>. It will be released by HBO directly to DVD on January 9, 2009<ref>http://www.videobusiness.com/index.asp?layout=article&articleid=CA6595606</ref>. Cast members of note include Miss Hanratty, Annabeth Gish, and Michael Learned<ref>http://movies.yahoo.com/movie/1810001230/info</ref>.

Elaine Goldsmith-Thomas is reportedly outlining a movie proposal entitled "Julie: An American Girl Musical". <ref>http://www.reelzchannel.com/movie-news/1586/next-american-girl-doll-movie-to-be-based-on-julie-albright-doll</ref>

==Historical Character dolls==
The American Girls Collection includes fourteen cloth-bodied vinyl play dolls, each character representing a particular period and region of U.S. history and dressed in clothing representative of the time, place and culture, and social background of the character.

Although the books are written for the seven-to-eleven-year-old market, they cover [[wikipedia:child labor| child labor]], [[wikipedia:child abuse| child abuse]], [[wikipedia:poverty| poverty]], [[wikipedia:racism| racism]], [[wikipedia:slavery| slavery]], [[wikipedia:animal abuse| animal abuse]], and [[wikipedia:war| war]], among other topics. The tone is gentle so as to appeal to a school-aged girl. In the back of every book is a "Looking Back" section that talks about the historical setting the characters live in, each tied into the theme of the book (the introductory book introduces the time in history, the birthday story talks about childhood and growing up, etc.)

Short stories in small hardback books were published starting in 1999 that gave more insight into the characters, set either during or after the events of the six central books. Some of these were published in American Girl Magazine before being released as small hardcover books. Different "Looking Back" sections pertaining to the story were given (e.g., ''Addy's Summer Place'' talks about Cape Island in 1864; ''Kit's Home Run'' discusses baseball in 1934.) The last group of stories was published in 2003 and the company discontinued the single books in early 2006, before releasing a "Short Story Collection" for each character. Each book has five stories.<ref name="fs">"[http://www.pleasantcopublications.com/catalog/catalog.aspx American Girl: BUSINESS-TO-BUSINESS WEB SITE]". ''pleasantcopublications.com''. Retrieved on 2006-04-06.</ref>

The first dolls in the American Girl/Historical line — Samantha, Kirsten, Molly — all share the same face mold. New face molds were added later as noted below in the summaries of individual dolls. The dolls were originally created with white [[wikipedia:muslin| muslin]] bodies. The cloth bodies weres changed in 1991 in response to the low necklines of Felicity's period gowns.

Each of the historical characters is given a historical year ending in 4, although their stories roughly cover about two years each. The "Best Friend" line of dolls (companions to the historical dolls) have stories set either during or after the events of her companion's series.

===Kaya'aton'my 1764===
Kaya (pronounced KY-yah) is a [[wikipedia:Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] girl of the [[wikipedia:Nez Perce| Nez Perce]] tribe living in the state of Idaho. Kaya's full name is ''Kaya'aton'my'', or "she who arranges rocks." Her story takes place in America's Northwest in 1764, before white settlers disturbed the Native American way of life in the west.

Kaya was introduced in 2002. American Girl worked closely with the Nez Perce Native Americans to create her. She is the only doll that does not smile with her mouth open, as baring one's teeth is considered offensive to Nez Perce people. Kaya is the oldest doll in the AG timeline but the third most recently introduced historical doll. She has dark skin; deep brown eyes; and dark brown, almost black, braided hair. No other doll shares her face mold. Her collection and books do not follow the trends established by previous dolls ( for example, there is no Happy Birthday Kaya, or Kaya Learns a Lesson, like with the other girls), and instead more accurately reflect the cycle of life in tribal society. American Girl notes that most of the animal-related products in her collection are simulated unless it is otherwise noted. There are many Nez Perce words and phrases in her books, and a glossary is included. The words are spelled [[wikipedia:phonetics|phonetically]] to ease in pronunciation.

===Felicity Merriman, 1774===
Felicity Merriman was the first doll added to the American Girls Collection following the initial introduction of Kirsten, Samantha and Molly in 1986. Felicity is a colonial girl living in [[wikipedia:Williamsburg, Virginia| Williamsburg, Virginia]], caught between Patriot and Loyalist family and friends at the onset of the [[wikipedia:American Revolution| American Revolution]]. Themes in her books include loyalty and staying true to one's ideals. The horse Penny features prominently in the stories.

Many items from Felicity's collection were retired in the early 2000s, leading to rumors that Felicity herself would vanish from the historical line. However, following the success of the made-for-TV adaptation of Samantha's stories, Felicity's core books were dramatized and ''[[wikipedia:Felicity: An American Girl Adventure| Felicity: An American Girl Adventure]]'' aired on [[wikipedia:the WB| the WB]] on November 29 2005. Many discontinued items from her collection were reintroduced, while other items were redesigned (including Felicity's so-called 'Meet dress' which was changed in 2005 from a rose print to her what was formerly known as her purple flowered 'Traveling Gown'). The doll's appearance has also changed over time. Felicity's hair was originally a carrot-red and she had soft green eyes, but these features have been changed to a more auburn shade and vivid green eyes.

====Elizabeth Cole, 1774====
Elizabeth is Felicity's best friend. She is the daughter of a [[wikipedia:Loyalist (American Revolution)|Loyalist]] family during the [[wikipedia:American Revolution| American Revolution]], which causes some conflict with Felicity, who is a Patriot. In contrast to vivacious Felicity, Elizabeth is described as very shy. Elizabeth's book, "Very Funny, Elizabeth" was written by [[wikipedia:Valerie Tripp| Valerie Tripp]] and is set in 1775. The plot concerns the engagement of Elizabeth's snobby older sister, whom Felicity and Elizabeth take every opportunity to tease. But after a joke goes terribly wrong, Elizabeth finds herself facing a move back to her native England.

The Elizabeth doll was introduced in August 2005 and the character prominently featured in the Felicity DVD. In the original book illustrations, Elizabeth had dark hair and eyes. Due to alleged concerns that the dolls would too closely resemble one another and that the young actresses in the movie would look too much alike, the Elizabeth doll was given blonde hair and blue eyes. Subsequent editions of the Felicity books were re-illustrated to reflect this change. The face mold used for the Elizabeth doll is the same mold used for the Josefina, Marisol, Nellie and Julie dolls.

===Josefina Montoya, 1824===
María Josefina (ho-she-FEE-na) Montoya is Mexican, living in what is now the US state of [[wikipedia:New Mexico| New Mexico]] when it was still a part of [[wikipedia:Mexico| Mexico]] in Sante Fe. She and her three older sisters must face a new way of life after the death of their beloved mother and the arrival of their Tia(Aunt) Dolores. Josefina's family speaks [[wikipedia:Spanish language|Spanish]], so there are many Spanish words and phrases in her books, which also include a glossary/pronunciation guide. The focus of her stories is on family, Mexican culture and traditions, and incorporating the past with the present and future in the wake of their mother's death.

Josefina was the last doll introduced before the Mattel takeover (although Kit and Kaya were in development) and the second of three dolls to have a cultural panel to assist in her creation (the first being Addy and the third being Kaya). The Josefina doll debuted with a brand new face mold, medium skin, dark hair, and brown eyes. Her collection initially included many period-appropriate outfits and household items, but most have since been retired and are now only available on the secondary market and not directly from American Girl.

===Kirsten Larson, 1854===
Kirsten (Kiir-sten) Larson is a [[wikipedia:Swedish emigration to the United States|Swedish]] immigrant who lives in the [[wikipedia:Minnesota Territory| Minnesota Territory]] with her extended family. She faces the hardships of adjusting to life as a pioneer in a new and unfamiliar country and the challenge of learning a new language. Kirsten was one of the first three dolls produced by American Girl. Unlike many of the dolls, Kirsten's books have maintained their original illustrations (with the exception of the covers). The doll has long blonde banged hair that is braided and looped; fair skin; and crystal blue eyes. Like Josefina, Kirsten's collection initially included many period-appropriate products which are now only available on the secondary market.

===Addy Walker, 1864===
Addy Walker is a [[wikipedia:fugitive slave| fugitive slave]] who escaped with her mother from [[wikipedia:North Carolina| North Carolina]] to [[wikipedia:Philadelphia, Pennsylvania| Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]] during the [[wikipedia:American Civil War| American Civil War]] after her master split up her family. Addy dreamed of a new life of freedom but realizes that starting over means starting from the bottom and facing on-going [[wikipedia:prejudice| prejudice]] and [[wikipedia:racism| racism]]. Addy's core books were written by [[wikipedia:Connie Porter| Connie Porter]] and originally illustrated by Melodye Rosales and Bradford Brown, but later redrawn by Dahl Taylor.

Currently the historical line's only [[wikipedia:African-American| African-American]], Addy was the fifth doll to be added to the collection. She was the first non-white doll to be added to the historical line and was the first doll to have earrings. A new mold was created for this doll to give Addy more ethnically appropriate features, but a few Addy dolls have the original mold and tend to fetch high prices on the secondary market. The doll has very dark skin; dark brown eyes; non-removable earrings; and thick black hair.

A play about Addy was commissioned and produced by the [[wikipedia:Seattle Children's Theater| Seattle Children's Theater]] in 2007. Entitled ''Addy: An American Girl Story,'' the play was taken on limited national tour from January through May 2008 through [[wikipedia:Kids Entertainment, Inc| Seattle Children's Theater]].
[http://www.americangirl.com/events/addy_events.html]

===Samantha Parkington, 1904===
Samantha is an only child growing up during the [[wikipedia:Edwardian| Edwardian]] period. An orphan since age 5, she has been raised by her wealthy Victorian-era grandmother in Mount Bedford, New York. Samantha befriends a poor servant girl named Nellie O'Malley. Eventually Samantha, Nellie and Nellie's young sisters are adopted by Samantha's Uncle Gard and Aunt Cornelia. Themes touched on in Samantha's books include women's suffrage, child labor, and classism. The first two books in the core series were written by [[wikipedia:Susan S. Adler| Susan S. Adler]]; the third book by [[wikipedia:Maxine Rose Schur| Maxine Rose Schur]]; the last three by veteran American Girl author [[wikipedia:Valerie Tripp| Valerie Tripp]]. The multiple authorship has been criticized for disconnectedness of the characterizations. The Samantha doll has dark brown hair; fair skin; and light brown eyes.

Red Om Productions produced "Samantha, An American Girl Holiday," in cooperation with American Girl. This made-for-TV movie starred [[wikipedia:Mia Farrow| Mia Farrow]] as Samantha's grandmother and [[wikipedia:AnnaSophia Robb| AnnaSophia Robb]] as Samantha. The show premiered on [[wikipedia:WB Television Network| WB Television Network]] in November 2004 and was released to DVD soon thereafter.

In an unprecedented move, American Girl sent an email to select customers on October 6, 2008 stating in part that "...Samantha's complete collection - including Nellie and her accessories - will be moving into the American Girl Archives..." at some point in the near future, at which point only her books and DVD will remain available for purchase.

====Nellie O'Malley, 1904====
In the core Samantha stories, Nellie appears as a poor servant whom Samantha befriends. Born to Irish immigrants, Nellie works for Samantha's neighbors. She and her sisters are eventually orphaned and later adopted by Samantha's Uncle Gard and Aunt Cornelia.

In 2004, American Girl broke new ground by introducing Nellie O'Malley to the historical doll collection. Marketed as Samantha's "Best Friend," Nellie was launched with a small collection of clothing and sold with a book written by [[wikipedia:Valerie Tripp| Valerie Tripp]]. Nellie's story, "Nellie's Promise", is set in 1906 (Samantha's core books run from 1904-1905). Despite challenges, Nellie is determined to honor the promise she made to her mother while keeping peace in her new family and holding true to her ideals. The Nellie doll was given the Josefina facemold, short strawberry-blonde hair, deep blue eyes, and freckles.

American Girl announced on October 6, 2008 that Nellie and her collection would be moved into the "American Girl Archive" with Samantha and her collection at some point in Januray 2009, and thus becoming unavailable for purchase through American Girl.

===Kit Kittredge, 1934===
Kit Kittredge faces the hard times of the early years of the [[wikipedia:Great Depression| Great Depression]] in [[wikipedia:Cincinnati| Cincinnati]], [[wikipedia:Ohio| Ohio]]. Her family struggles to adjust to the realities of the economy after Kit's father loses his job. Although referred to as 'Kit' in almost all books and promotional material, Kit's full name is Margaret Mildred Kittredge. Kit debuted in 2000 as the seventh historical doll and the first to have short hair and freckles. The Kit books were illustrated by [[wikipedia:Walter Rane| Walter Rane]].

The feature film ''[[wikipedia:Kit Kittredge: An American Girl| Kit Kittredge: An American Girl]]'' was released on July 2 2008. Many new items were added to Kit's collection as product tie-ins to the movie. Kit is the second doll to have her own DS game, "Kit Mystery Challenge". Kit also has a PC video game called "A Tree House of my Own".

====Ruthie Smithens, 1934====
Ruthie is Kit's best friend. Her family is well-off compared to the financial struggles of Kit's family. The character of Ruthie adores fairy tales and idolizes movie stars. She is generous and often tries to help Kit, but sometimes wounds her friend's pride instead. Ruthie is the most recent historical Best Friend doll marketed by American Girl. Her accompanying book, "Really Truly Ruthie" by author [[wikipedia:Valerie Tripp| Valerie Tripp]], is set in late December 1932 and showcases how Ruthie helps the Kittredge family save their home from foreclosure.

Ruthie is the 5th doll in the Best Friends collection and was released June 1 2008 with a small collection in anticipation of the Kit movie. The Ruthie doll has the original facemold, dark brown curly hair and light gray eyes.

===Molly McIntire, 1944===
Molly's story is set during [[wikipedia:World War II| World War II]]. Molly lives in Jefferson, [[wikipedia:Illinois| Illinois]] with her parents and three siblings, where she helps her family and loved ones stay cheery during the war. Her physician father is stationed in [[wikipedia:England| England]] caring for wounded soldiers. Molly's report card reveals her middle initial to be "J." Throughout her core stories, Molly has two equal best friends but gains a third friend in her birthday story named Emily Bennett. Molly's six core books focus on themes of teamwork, family adaptation to her father being gone during the war, and setting and maintaining priorities.

Molly was one of the original three dolls offered by [[wikipedia:Pleasant Company| Pleasant Company]]. She has medium brown, braided hair; gray eyes; and wears distinctive round glasses. While the company sells eyeglasses separately to fit any 18" American Girl doll, Molly is the only doll to be sold with them. Molly has a large collection based on fashions from the [[wikipedia:WWII| WWII]] era.

''[[wikipedia:Molly: An American Girl on the Home Front| Molly: An American Girl on the Home Front]]'' was the third TV movie based on the historical characters and the only one to air on the [[wikipedia:Disney Channel| Disney Channel]] on November 26 2006. The movie deviates from the books in many ways, including the omission of the youngest brother, Brad, from the family.

====Emily Bennett, 1944====
Emily Bennett is an [[wikipedia:England|English]] girl who was unexpectedly sent to America to temporarily stay with the McIntires for two weeks in the story "Happy Birthday, Molly!". At first Molly thinks of Emily as snobby and prim, but their bond strengthens when they discover a shared fascination for the English princesses and other girlish pursuits.

Emily is the third doll in the "Best Friends" collection. She was released September 5 2006 in anticipation of the Molly made-for-TV movie. Since technically Emily is not Molly's "best friend," she was marketed instead as "Molly's English friend." The Emily doll has red hair and light blue eyes. Her accompanying book, "Brave Emily," by author [[wikipedia:Valerie Tripp| Valerie Tripp]] is set in 1944. Its "Looking Back" section discusses children during WWII who were sent outside of Europe for safety.

===Julie Albright, 1974===
Julie Albright is a young girl growing up in [[wikipedia:San Francisco, California|San Francisco]] during the period of September 1975 through September 1976. Her six core books were written by [[wikipedia:Megan McDonald| Megan McDonald]] and illustrated by [[wikipedia:Robert Hunt| Robert Hunt]] and Susan MacAliley. Her series is the second to break from the traditional titling pattern (Kaya was the first, as noted above). She is the first historical character to have divorced parents. Following their divorce, Julie moves with her mother and older sister to a different part of the city, leaving behind her pet rabbit and best friend, Ivy. Julie's books focus on gender equality in school sports: America's [[wikipedia:United States Bicentennial|Bicentennial]] celebration; preserving [[wikipedia:endangered species| endangered species]] like the [[wikipedia:bald eagle| bald eagle]]; running for class president. Her stories also touch on [[wikipedia:sign language| sign language]], [[wikipedia:feminism| feminism]], [[wikipedia:the Vietnam War| the Vietnam War]] and [[wikipedia:Watergate| Watergate]] and deal with general issues of responsibility and adapting to change. Many references to the events and zeitgeist of the mid-1970s are included.

The Julie doll was released September 10, 2007. The doll has long, very straight, blonde hair with a small side braid; brown eyes; and the Josefina face mold. Her "Meet Outfit" is the first that does not include a dress or skirt.

Julie is the first doll to have her own computer game, entitled ''Julie Saves the Eagles.'' Previous computer software such as ''The American Girl Premiere'' 1st and 2nd Edition and ''American Girl Paper Dolls'' were themed around multiple American Girls. Julie is also the first American Girl character to have her own [[wikipedia:Nintendo DS| Nintendo DS]] game, ''Julie Finds a Way.''

Elaine Goldsmith-Thomas is currently outlining a movie proposal entitled "Julie: An American Girl Musical. If this movie makes it to the production stages, open casting calls are planned. <ref>"[http://www.reelzchannel.com/movie-news/1586/next-american-girl-doll-movie-to-be-based-on-julie-albright-doll Julie: An American Girl Musical].". ''ReelzChannel.com''. Retrieved on 2008-08-05.</ref>

====Ivy Ling, 1974====
Ivy Ling is a [[wikipedia:Chinese American| Chinese American]] girl who also lives in [[wikipedia:San Francisco| San Francisco]]. Her solo book is entitled "Good Luck, Ivy" by children's author [[wikipedia:Lisa Yee| Lisa Yee]]. The book is set in May/June 1976 and focuses on Ivy's conflict with gymnastic competition obligations and her family traditions and responsibilities. The "Looking Back" section in her book is about Chinese-American history.

The Ivy doll debuted with Julie, thus being the first "Best Friend" doll to be released with the main character. Ivy is also the first [[wikipedia:Asian people|Asian]] doll in the historical collection. Ivy has Jess' face mold: straight black shoulder-length hair with bangs, brown eyes, and gold removable earrings, and a very limited collection to date.

==Just Like You dolls==
Formerly known as the "American Girl of Today" and "American Girl Today" collection, this line was introduced in 1995. In December 2005, the name of the line was changed to the current name.

The "Just Like You" dolls have included thirty-two different dolls (although several have been retired and are no longer sold by American Girl), each with a unique combination of face mold, skin, hair and eye color. Many of the dolls use the original mold used for the American Girl/Historical line; some use the molds designed for Addy and Josefina, and two dolls have [[wikipedia:East Asian| East Asian]] facial features. (There are currently no Just Like You dolls with Kaya's face mold.) This allows the owner to choose a combination that best resembles herself; dolls are not uniquely customized by the company. The doll comes dressed in a modern outfit, the style of which is changed by the company every two years across the entire collection. Clothing, accessories, and furniture are available for these dolls.

==Girl of the Year dolls==

Beginning in 2001, American Girl introduced Limited Edition Girl of Today dolls, which feature smaller, specific collections and individual storybooks, similar to the historical doll's "Meet" book. Although each collection is specific to the doll's character, each features accessories based on the book's plotline. Each of these dolls were only available for a year after being released.

====2001-2002: ''Lindsey Bergman''====
Lindsey was the first of the "Girls of the Year" series. She used the "original" face mold. Described as a girl "who is eager to help," her accompanying book details the difficulties her impulsive attempts at "helping" can cause. Lindsey is Jewish, and her book touches on her brother's [[wikipedia:Bar Mitzvah| Bar Mitzvah]] experience and party plans. The doll had light skin, short, curly auburn hair, blue eyes, and freckles. A small collection consisting of a scooter set and laptop accompanied her release.

====2003-2004: ''Kailey Hopkins''====
Kailey Hopkins lives near tide pools in California and is an avid swimmer and surfer. When development threatens to destroy the tide pools, she engineers a protest to make a difference. The Kailey doll has blond, sun-streaked hair with two mini braids, brown eyes, and the "classic" face mold. Kailey's collection included various beach outfits and toys.

====2005: ''Marisol Luna''====
Marisol is a dancer from Chicago's Pilsen neighborhood who moves to a new neighborhood and struggles to find a dance school. Marisol uses Josefina's face mold, has wavy brown hair, brown eyes, and is Hispanic. Introduced during the Christmas season of 2004, Marisol's extensive collection of dance outfits and accessories sold out in early December, 2005.

====2006: ''Jess McConnell''====

Jess Akiko McConnell accompanies her archeologist parents on a several months-long expedition to Belize where she learns new lessons about responsibility and preservation of history. To illustrate her mixed Japanese-American and Irish heritage, the Jess doll debuted with a unique face mold (which was later slightly modified for Ivy.) Jess' collection was small and had little to do with her actual story.

====2007: ''Nicki Fleming''====
Nicki Fleming is an animal lover who volunteers to train a [[wikipedia:service dog| service dog]] when her mother cannot because she is pregnant and faces friendship difficulties which test her loyalty. Nicki was the first Girl of the Year to have two books: "Nicki" and "Thanks to Nicki", both by [[wikipedia:Ann Howard Creel| Ann Howard Creel]]. The Nicki doll featured the original or 'classic' face mold and had long, curly caramel hair, blue eyes, and freckles. Her extensive clothing and accessory collection sold out early in December 2007. On January 15 2007 [[wikipedia:Rachael Ray| Rachael Ray]] gave Nicki dolls to each of the audience members.

====2008: ''Mia St. Clair''====
A preview of the 2008 Limited Edition doll, Mia, was unveiled on the November 21 2007 episode of [[wikipedia:Oprah| Oprah]]. She was released on January 1 2008 with numerous outfits, accessories, an ice rink, and furniture. Following the precedent set by Nicki, Mia has two books:(''Mia ''and'' Bravo Mia'' both written by Laurence Yep. Her stories chronicle her passion for competitive [[wikipedia:figure skating| figure skating]], which is at odds with her [[wikisports:hockey| hockey]]-playing family. In "Bravo Mia", she is going to a Regional skating competition when her mother is injured. The Mia doll has the classic AG facemold, red layered hair with a 'half-braid', hazel eyes, and freckles. Mia was originally prototyped with a new dark-skinned (not the same as the Addy mold) face mold. Like Julie, Mia has a game, called "Mia Goes For Great!"

====2009: ''Chrissa Maxwell''====

A Variety Magazine citation broke the newe in September 2008 that the name of the 2009 Girl of the Year doll is Chrissa<ref>http://www2.variety.com/finguide2008_listings.asp?company_id=42020</ref>. The doll, book, and her collection will be released on January 1, 2009, and a direct-to-DVD film entitled "Chrissa Stands Strong" based on her story will be released by HBO on January 6, 2009.<ref>http://www.videobusiness.com/index.asp?layout=article&articleid=CA6595606</ref>. The theme of her books and DVD appears to focus on bullying.<ref>http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/questex/hom787165QLK/index.php?startid=5#/6</ref>

==Bitty Baby and Bitty Twins dolls==
Bitty Baby, a baby doll, comes in several different styles ([[wikipedia:African American| African American]], [[wikipedia:Asian American| Asian American]], [[wikipedia:Blond| Blond]] [[wikipedia:White people|white]], [[wikipedia:Brunette| Brunette]] white, and [[wikipedia:Hispanic| Hispanic]]). She is 15 inches tall. She comes wearing a sleeper and with her own Bitty Bear (a small, 5 inch tall stuffed bear)

This collection was originally introduced in 1990 as 'Our New Baby,' with a complete line of realistic accessories for the doll as well as matching ones for real infants. However, this collection was revamped for toddlers, with accessories becoming less realistic and a change in clothing .

Also part of this line are the "Bitty Twins", a set of toddler/preschool-aged dolls which come as a pair in any gender combination. They have wigs, unlike the molded hair of the Bitty Baby line. Originally the Bitty twins were marketed as babies in sleepers like Bitty Baby, and only blonde versions were available (although brunettes were later released). In July 2006 the twins were marketed as roughly pre-school aged, and the girls were given longer hair to reflect this. The outfits have also changed to reflect the twins' aging, including potty training accessories and pull-up underpants. In addition to the Caucasian dolls, African American, Asian, and Hispanic twins became available in 2008, allowing for a total of fifty five "twin" combinations. Bitty Twin dolls can be purchased indivdually at an American Girl Place store.

==American Girl Magazine==
The American Girl company also features a bimonthly magazine, targeted at girls aged 7-13, although girls much older subscribe. The magazine includes a letters to the editor section, crafts, short stories, story and art contests, and inspiring articles. The magazine contains no advertising. In most issues, a mini cut-out magazine for dolls is placed. Most of the models on the cover are aged 8-12.

==American Girl Stores==
American Girl Places (AGP) are stores where the full line of American Girl dolls, clothes and accessories can be purchased directly, instead of through a catalog. The first store debuted in [[wikipedia:Chicago| Chicago]], followed by one in the [[wikipedia:New York City|New York]]. The most recent store opened in [[wikipedia:Los Angeles| Los Angeles]] in 2006. In addition to displays for each historical doll and a large Girl of Today section, the stores have a café, doll hair salon, a drop-off [[wikipedia:doll hospital| doll hospital]], a photo studio, and a theater. The theaters have presented three different shows: musicals The American Girl Revue and Circle of Friends, and a show for younger children called Bitty Bear's Matinee: The Family Tree. It was announced in winter 2008 that all of the theaters would be closing by late-summer 2008.

Two American Girl Boutiques and Bistros (AGB) opened in 2007. The AGB venues are smaller than the AGP stores, with rotating stock and casual restaurants. The first Boutique and Bistro opened in North Point Mall in Alpharetta, Georgia (north of Atlanta). A second Boutique & Bistro opened in Dallas, Texas, at the Galleria Dallas Mall. In summer 2008, American Girl announced plans to open a boutique in Natick outside of Boston, and a new two-level store in the Minneapolis Mall of America's Nickelodeon Universe. Both stores have a targeted November 2008 opening.

== Retired product lines==
===Amelia's Notebooks===
[[Amelia's Notebooks]] are a collection of books designed like a marbled composition book, supposedly written by a 9-year old girl named Amelia (actually written by author [[wikipedia:Marissa Moss| Marissa Moss]]). The books were set in a [[wikipedia:personal narrative| personal narrative]], [[wikipedia:journal| journal]]-like format, and had numerous doodles all about the book. Amelia spoke of her adventures in school, at home, and other common places. American Girl used to have a portion of their website set aside for Amelia, with games, and other features. Amelia's Notebooks is no longer published by American Girl Press, but is still published under Simon & Schuster.

===Hopscotch Hill collection===
Based on the book series by [[wikipedia:Valerie Tripp| Valerie Tripp]], this was a set of four dolls in first grade. Unlike other dolls manufactured by American Girl, the dolls had hard plastic bodies and multiple joints. The first dolls to be introduced were '''Hallie''', '''Skylar''', and '''Logan'''. They were then joined by '''Gwen'''. Lindy, Delaney and Conner were characters featured in books but not produced as dolls. These dolls are no longer available through American Girl.

===American Girl Mini Rooms===

American Girl Mini Rooms, usually carrying the logo of A*G Mini•s, were small collections meant to be set up as miniature rooms and locations released in October 2000. The basics consisted of a light box, a clear shield for the front, a drawer to store small parts in, and ways of connecting room together. None of these were meant for dolls to play in, but merely as creative room decoration. Each set had wallpapers, furniture, lights, and other small details to make the room look "real."

The major sets were the Blue Room, Purple Room, Horse Stable Set, Lil's Diner, Groovy Room, Loft Apartment, Rooftop Patio, Petite Boutique, Paddock, and Cabana. Lil' Pets were small pets to display in the room, and Lil Extras were add-ons and not part of any specific set. The first three had second releases with various changes.

When the line was first released, it was tremendously popular and the American Girl warehouse quickly emptied. Rooms were seen on eBay selling for as much as $2000.

The line ended a few years later. One speculation for the ending of the line is that a lot of the electric wiring was defective, either causing electrical shorts or failing to light and thus meaning a return. The sets were small and elaborate, and targeted more towards older children, as well as expensive for the size and lack of playability--a complete room was $178, much more than a doll, and the decor sets were about 20 dollars. According to former employees, the line was discontinued following the purchase of Pleasant Company (American Girl) by Mattel due to the high cost of manufacturing.

===Angelina Ballerina dolls===

American Girl produced a line of dolls for [[wikipedia:Angelina Ballerina| Angelina Ballerina]], stories based on the life of a fictional mouse girl, '''Angelina Mousling'''. The line was similar in scope to one of the Historical Collection dolls, incorporating a large number of accessories and playsets, a Best Friend doll in the way of Angelina's companion '''Alice Nimbletoes''', and a cousin to Angelina named '''Henry Mouseling'''. The line was produced from 2001 until 2004, when the toy rights were transferred to the [[wikipedia:Target Corporation| Target Corporation]].

===Miss American Girl Bear===

A [[teddy bear]] named Miss AG Bear, and several doll-style outfits, were available through the American Girl catalogues from 1994 through 1996.

===Girls of Many Lands===

Designed for American Girl by renowned American doll artist Helen Kish, these dolls represented 12 year old girls from various historical periods around the world. The line included Isabel Campion (1592, Tudor England); Neela (1939, India); Minuk (1892, native Yup'ik village, Alaska); Kathleen (1937, Dublin, Ireland); Cecile (1711, France); Spring Pearl (1857, Canton, China); Saba (1876, Ethiopia); and Leyla (1720, Turkey). Each doll was accompanied by a book which detailed her unique story. The dolls were nine inches tall, exquisitely dressed and elaborately coiffed. The dolls were marketed from 2002-2005 as collector items for an older teenage market, and are now retired.

== Awards ==
The company has earned many awards, most notably the Oppenheimer Toy Award, eight times.<ref name="CT">"[http://www.toyportfolio.com/Later/ChapterSubChapter.asp?Chapter=Toys:%20Early%20School%20Years:%20Five%20to%20Ten%20Years&SubChapter=Dolls%20and%20huggables:%20Dolls Oppenheimer Toy Award]". ''Toyportfolio.com''. Retrieved on 2006-05-04.</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://americangirl.com/ Official American Girl web site]
* [http://americangirl.wikia.com/ The American Girl Dolls Wiki]
* [http://curtdanhauser.com/AG_Collecting/Main.html/ Complete Guide to American Girl Doll Collecting]
* [http://www.agplaythings.com/ American Girl Playthings Collector Guides]

'''News'''
* [http://www.zmag.org/Sustainers/content/1999-06/june_2peters.htm Archived article about the uniqueness of the American Girls Doll.]

[[Category:Mattel]]
[[Category:Dolls]]
[[Category:American children's books]]

Zome

2008-10-09T01:08:48Z

Summary: /* Construction Set */

[[Image:2265449878 2fc901de62 b.jpg|thumb|350px|Zome structure at London Knowledge Lab]]
The term '''''zome''''' is used in several related senses. A zome in the original sense is a building using unusual geometries [http://www.cyberarchi.com/actus&dossiers/logement-individuel/index.php?dossier=69&article=2896]
(different from the standard house or other building which is essentially one or a series of rectangular boxes). The word "zome" was coined in 1968 by Steve Durkee, now known as [[wikipedia:Nooruddeen Durkee| Nooruddeen Durkee]], combining the words "dome" and "zonahedron." One of the earliest models ended up as a large climbing structure at the [[wikipedia:Lama Foundation| Lama Foundation]]. In the second sense as a learning tool or toy, "Zometool" refers to a model-construction toy manufactured by [http://www.zometool.com/ Zometool, Inc.]. It is sometimes thought of as the ultimate form of the "ball and stick" construction toy, in form. It appeals to adults as well as children, and is educational on many levels (not the least, geometry). Finally, the term "Zome system" refers to the mathematics underlying the physical construction system.

Both the building and the learning tool are the brain children of inventor/designer [[wikipedia:Steve Baer| Steve Baer]], his wife, Holly, and others. Baer was educated at Amherst College, UCLA, and Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (Zurich, Switzerland), where he studied mathematics. Here he became interested in the possibilities of building innovative structures using polyhedra ([[wikipedia:polyhedron| polyhedron]]s) other than rectangular ones. Baer and his wife, Holly, moved back to the U.S., settling in [[wikipedia:Albuquerque| Albuquerque]], [[wikipedia:New Mexico| New Mexico]] in the early 1960s. In New Mexico, he experimented with constructing buildings of unusual geometries (calling them "zomes", see "[[wikipedia:Drop City| Drop City]]"), intended to be appropriate to their environment, notably to utilize [[wikipedia:solar energy| solar energy]] well. Baer was fascinated with the dome geometry introduced by architect [[wikipedia:Buckminster Fuller|R. Buckminster Fuller]]. Baer was an occasional guest at Drop City, an arts and experimental community near Trinidad, CO. He wanted to make buildings that didn't suffer from some of the limitations of the smaller, owner-built versions of geodesic domes (of the 'pure Fuller' design).

In recent years, the unconventional "zome" building-design approach with its multi-faceted geometric lines has been taken up by French builders in the Pyrenees. A recent book, ''[[wikipedia:Home Work (book)|Home Work]]'', published in 2004 and edited by [[wikipedia:Lloyd Kahn| Lloyd Kahn]], has a section featuring these buildings. While many zomes built in the last couple decades have been wood-framed and made use of wood sheathing, much of what Baer himself originally designed and constructed involved metal framing with a sheet-metal outer skin.

== Construction Set ==
[[Image:Great grand stellated 120cell zome 032407.jpg|right|350px|thumb|Zome Model of the [[wikipedia:Great grand stellated 120-cell | Great Grand Stellated 120-Cell]] ]]
The plastic construction set is produced by Zometool, a privately-owned corporation based in [[wikipedia:Denver, Colorado| Denver, Colorado]], which evolved out of Baer's company ZomeWorks. It is perhaps best described as a "space-frame construction set". Its elements consist of small connector nodes and struts of various colors. The overall shape of a connector node is that of a non-uniform [[wikipedia:rhombicosidodecahedron|rhombicosidodecahedron]], except that each face is replaced by a small hole. The ends of the struts are designed to fit in the holes of the connector nodes, allowing for syntheses of a variety of structures. These parts are made from state-of-the-art [[wikipedia:Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene | ABS plastic]] injection-mold technology. In fact, the founders of Zometool were eventually forced to design a tool which would produce the small connector node using ABS plastics. The first connector node emerged from their mold perfectly on April 1, 1992.

In the years since 1992, Zometool has widened and enriched its line of products. Much of the development has focused on improving the style or the variety of struts available. Since 1992, the basic design of the connector node has not changed, and hence the various parts released have remained universally compatible. From 1992 until 2000, Zometool produced many kits which included connector nodes and blue, yellow, and red struts. In 2000, Zometool introduced green lines, which were designed to allow the user to build, among other things, models of the regular tetrahedron and octahedon. In 2003, Zometool changed the style of the struts slightly. The struts "with clicks" have a different surface texture and they also have longer nibs which allow for a more robust connection between connector node and strut.

== Characteristics of Zometool ==

The color of a Zometool strut is associated with its cross section and also with the shape of the hole of the connector node in which it fits. Thus, each blue strut has a rectangular cross section, each yellow strut has a triangular cross section, and each red strut has a pentagonal cross section. The cross section of a green strut is a rhombus, where the ratio of the diagonals is √2. The green struts, fitting in the "red" pentagonal holes, are not a part of the 1992 release of Zometool, and, consequently, using them is not as straightforward as the other colors. One may find a variety of colors of connector nodes, but these all have the same purpose
and design.

At their midpoints, each of the yellow and red struts has an apparent twist. At these points, the cross-sectional shape reverses. This design feature forces the connector nodes on the ends of the strut to have the same orientation.
Similarly, the cross section of the blue strut is a non-square rectangle, again ensuring that the two nodes on the ends have the same orientation. Instead of a twist, the green struts have two bends which allow them to fit into the pentagonal holes of the connector node.

Among other places, the word "Zome" comes from the term "zone". A zone is a partition of Euclidean space into mutually-parallel lines. The Zome system allows no more than 61 zones. The cross-sectional shapes correspond to colors, and in turn these correspond to "zone colors". Hence the Zome system has 15 blue zones, 10 yellow zones, 6 red zones, and 30 green zones.

Two shapes are associated with blue-green. The blue-green struts with a rectangular cross section are designed to lie in the same zones as the blue struts, but they are half the length of a blue strut; hence these struts are often called ''half-blue''. The blue-green struts with a rhombic cross section lie in the same zones as the green struts, but they are designed so that the ratio of a blue strut to a rhombic blue-green strut is the square root of two. It is important to understand that the blue-green struts having a rhombic cross section do not belong to the Zome system.

== Zome as a modeling system ==

[[Image:Zome-Five-Cubes.gif|right|thumb|Compound of Five Cubes, rendered in ZomeCAD]]
[[Image:Fivetetras.jpg|thumb|right|Compound of Five Tetrahedra, rendered in vZome]]
The Zome system is especially good at modeling 1-dimensional skeleta of highly symmetric objects in 3- and
4-dimensional Euclidean space. The most prominent among these are the five [[wikipedia:Platonic solids| Platonic solids]], and the 4-dimensional polytopes related to the [[wikipedia:120-cell| 120-cell]] and the [[wikipedia:600-cell| 600-cell]]. However, the list of mathematical objects which are amenable to Zome is long, and currently an exhaustive list is not forthcoming. Besides those already mentioned, one may use Zome to model the following mathematical objects:

* [[wikipedia:Kepler-Poinsot polyhedron|Kepler-Poinsot polyhedra]]
* Regular [[wikipedia:Polyhedral compound | Polyhedral compounds]]
* [[wikipedia:List of regular polytopes | Regular 4-dimensional polytopes]] and some compounds
* Many stellations of the [[wikipedia:rhombic triacontahedron| rhombic triacontahedron]]
* Many stellations of the regular [[wikipedia:icosahedron| icosahedron]]
* [[wikipedia:zonohedra|Zonohedra]], especially the enneacontahedron
* [[wikipedia:Hypercube| Hypercube]]s in dimensions 61 or fewer
* Most [[wikipedia:Uniform polyhedron | uniform polyhedra]]
* Many 4-dimensional [[wikipedia:Uniform polychoron | uniform polytopes]]
* Thorold Gosset's [[wikipedia:Semiregular E-polytope | exceptional semiregular polytopes]] in 6, 7, and 8 dimensions
* A few of the [[wikipedia:Johnson solid | Johnson solids]]
* [[wikipedia:Desargues' theorem | Desargues' configuration]]
* Two of the [[wikipedia:Catalan solid | Catalan solids]]
* Classical and exceptional [[wikipedia:Root system | root systems]]
* [[wikipedia:Triality| Triality]] (from Lie theory)

== Other uses of Zome ==

The uses of Zome are not restricted to pure mathematics. Other uses include the study of engineering problems, especially steel-truss structures, the study of some molecular, nanotube, and virus structures, to make soap film surfaces, and as an artistic medium.

== References ==

* Steve Baer. ''Zome Primer.'' Zomeworks Corporation, 1970.
* David Booth. The New Zome Primer, in ''Fivefold Symmetry,'' István Hargittai (editor). World Scientific Publishing Company, 1992.
* [[wikipedia:Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter|Coxeter, H. S. M.]] ''[[wikipedia:Regular Polytopes (book)|Regular Polytopes]]'', 3rd edition, Dover, 1973. ISBN 0-486-61480-8.
* Brian C. Hall. ''Lie Groups, Lie Algebras, and Representations: An Elementary Introduction'', Springer, 2003. ISBN 0-387-40122-9.
* George Hart, Four-Dimensional Polytope Projection Barn Raisings. ''Proceedings, Sixth International Conference of the Society of Art, Math, and Architecture, Texas A&M University.'' May 2007.
* George Hart and Henri Picciotto. ''Zome Geometry: Hands-on Learning with Zome Models.'' Key Curriculum Press, 2001. ISBN 1-55953-385-4.
* Paul Hildebrandt. Zome-inspired Sculpture. ''Proceedings, Bridges London: Connections between Mathematics, Art, and Music'', Reza Sarhangi and John Sharp (editors). (2006) 335-342.
* David A. Richter. Two results concerning the Zome model of the 600-cell. ''Proceedings, Renaissance Banff: Mathematical Connections between Mathematics, Art, and Music'', Robert Moody and Reza Sarhangi (editors). (2005) 419-426.
* David A. Richter and Scott Vorthmann. Green Quaternions, Tenacious Symmetry, and Octahedral Zome. ''Proceedings, Bridges London: Connections between Mathematics, Art, and Music'', Reza Sarhangi and John Sharp (editors). (2006) 429-436.

==External links==

'''Zome buildings:'''
* [http://www.zomes-concept.com/EJaccueil.htm The zome building concept explained]
* [http://www.cyberarchi.com/actus&dossiers/logement-individuel/index.php?dossier=69&article=2896 Examples of European zome buildings]
* [http://archinstitute.blogspot.com Examples of zome usage in North American prefabricated housing construction]

'''Zome modelling system:'''
* [http://www.zometool.com/faq.html The Zome FAQ] at the manufacturer's site.
* [http://zometool.com/zomeforum/index.php The official Zometool forum]
* [http://homepages.wmich.edu/~drichter/zomeindex.htm Advanced Zome Projects] by David Richter
* [http://www.georgehart.com/zomebook/zomebook.html Zome Geometry] by [[wikipedia:George W. Hart| George W. Hart]] and [http://www.keypress.com/x2527.xml Henri Picciotto]
* [http://www.vorthmann.org/zome/ vZome] for building virtual Zome models
* [http://www.zomecad.org ZomeCAD] an open-source modeling program for Zome
* [http://www.lkl.ac.uk/bridges/zome.html Zome at Bridges London] at the London Knowledge Lab
* [http://www.zome.jp/ Japan Zome Club] a user's club in Japan (Japanese)
* [http://www.zome.jp/metazome/ Metazome] a project making Zome models with Zome

[[Category:Construction toys]]
[[Category:Educational toys]]

Tog'l

2008-10-09T00:27:38Z

Summary:

[[Image:ToglManRacer.jpg|thumb|300px|Tog'lman Racer in Package]]
'''Tog'l''' was a [[construction set]] produced by [[wikipedia:Mattel| Mattel]] from [[wikipedia:1968| 1968]] through [[wikipedia:1970| 1970]], similar in concept to [[Lego]].

==Composition==

At its core was a cube-shaped building block called a "Tog'l Block". Each side of the block had a hole or a pin that could be used to connect to the corresponding element (pins snapped into holes) on the side of another block. A chief advantage of Tog'l blocks over Lego (and similar) bricks is that a Lego brick can only attach to other bricks on two of its faces (top or bottom), while Tog'l blocks could attach to others on all six of its faces (each of its six faces could attach to another block).

Another feature that gave the product its name was that one side had a hinge that allowed models built with Tog'l blocks to flex and move. Other building elements included wheels, axles, pinion gears, tubes, girders, air bellows, windows, doors, pins, clown heads, pig heads, hands, feet, and many other variations with generic uses or specific purposes.

There were optionally two types of motors to make the toys move. Both a wind-up motor and a rubber band motor were available for separate purchase. The wind-up moter ran longer, but the rubber band motor ran faster.

==Tog'lman==

Toward the end of its run a 6-inch tall bendable figure was added called "Tog'lman" that came in three colors: blue (engineer), green (fireman) and red (racer). Tog'lman was similar in scale and flexibility to another [[wikipedia:Mattel| Mattel]] toy, [[wikipedia:Major Matt Mason| Major Matt Mason]].

==External links==
*[http://www.togls.com/ Tog'l fan site]
*[http://www.bigredtoybox.com/cgi-bin/toynfo.pl?toglindex Tog'l page on the Vintage Toy Encyclopedia]

[[Category:Construction toys|Tog'l]]
[[Category:Toys of the 1960s]]

Tinkertoy

2008-10-09T00:25:45Z

Summary:

[[Image:Tinkertoy 300126232168 .JPG|thumb|right|350px|Tinkertoy set.]]
The '''Tinkertoy Construction Set''' was created in 1914—one year after the [[wikipedia:A. C. Gilbert Company| A. C. Gilbert Company]]'s [[Erector Set]]—by Charles H. Pajeau and Robert Pettit in [[wikipedia:Evanston, Illinois| Evanston, Illinois]]. Pajeau, a [[wikipedia:stonemason| stonemason]], designed the [[toy]] after seeing children play with pencils and empty spools of thread. He and Pettit set out to market a toy that would allow and inspire children to use their imaginations.

The cornerstone of the set is a wooden spool roughly two [[wikipedia:inch| inch]]es (5 [[wikipedia:Centimetre|cm]]) in diameter with holes drilled every 45 [[wikipedia:degree (angle)|degree]]s around the perimeter and one through the center. Unlike the center, the perimeter holes do not go all the way through. With the differing-length sticks, the set was intended to be based on the [[wikipedia:Pythagorean| Pythagorean]] progressive [[wikipedia:right triangle| right triangle]].

The sets were introduced to the public through displays in and around [[wikipedia:Chicago| Chicago]] which included model [[wikipedia:Ferris wheel| Ferris wheel]]s. Tinkertoys have been used to create surprisingly complex machines, including [[wikipedia:W. Daniel Hillis|Danny Hillis]]'s tic-tac-toe-playing [[wikipedia:computer| computer]] (now in the collection of the [[wikipedia:Computer History Museum| Computer History Museum]] in [[wikipedia:Mountain View, California|Mountain View]], [[wikipedia:California| California]]) and a [[wikipedia:robot| robot]] at [[wikipedia:Cornell University| Cornell University]] in 1998.

[[wikipedia:Hasbro| Hasbro]] owns the Tinkertoy brand and currently produces both Tinkertoy Plastic and Tinkertoy Classic (wood) sets and parts.

==References==
*Strange, Craig. ''Collector's Guide to Tinker Toys''. ISBN 0-89145-703-8.
*[[wikipedia:Alexander Dewdney|Dewdney, A. K.]] ''The Tinkertoy Computer and Other Machinations''. ISBN 0-7167-2491-X.

==External links==
*[http://www.hasbro.com/tinkertoy/ The Classic Tinkertoy Construction Set] (Official Hasbro Site)
*[http://www.news.cornell.edu/releases/April98/tinkertoy.walker.ssl.html Cornell University press release for Tinkertoy robot]
*[http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~cfs/472_html/Intro/TinkertoyComputer/TinkerToy.html Tinkertoy computer article by A. K. Dewdney]
*[http://www.toobeez.com/ Toobeez] A large construction toy similar to giant Tinkertoys.
*[http://www.nashuatelegraph.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20060630/NEWS01/106300117/ An article about a man named Tinker Toy]
*[http://www.superstructs.com/ Superstructs] A construction set similar to the plastic Tinkertoys but with gears and other parts not present in Tinkertoy sets. Compatible with Tinkertoy sets.

[[Category:Construction toys]]
[[Category:Hasbro products]]

Stickle bricks

2008-10-09T00:22:24Z

Summary:

[[Image:Stickle_bricks.jpg|thumb|350px|A selection of stickle bricks.]]
'''Stickle Bricks''' are a construction [[toy]] primarily intended for [[wikipedia:toddler|toddlers]] invented by [[wikipedia:Denys Fisher| Denys Fisher]]. The brand is owned by [[wikipedia:Hasbro| Hasbro]] and they are currently manufactured by [[wikipedia:Flair Leisure Products plc| Flair Leisure Products plc]].
An individual '''stickle brick''' is a colourful plastic shape a few centimeters long which has a ''brush'' of small plastic ''fingers'' on one or more edges. The fingers of adjacent stickle bricks can interlock, allowing them to be joined in various ways. Standard sets of stickle bricks contain triangular, square and rectangular pieces. Most sets also include other types of pieces such as heads, wheels and [[teddy bear]] shapes.

Several companies manufacture similar toys, not all of them compatible. Names for these toys include "Nopper", "Bristle Blocks", "Clipo", "Krinkles" and "Thistle Blocks".

== External links ==
* [http://www.flairplc.co.uk/pages/stickle.shtml Flair's Stickle Brick page]

[[Category:Construction toys]]

Rasti

2008-10-09T00:20:35Z

Summary:

[[Image:rastiOliverio.jpg|thumb|300px|A pile of Rasti pieces]]

'''Rasti''' is a [[Construction set|construction]] toy made from plastic, similar to [[Lego]] and Mis Ladrillos, that was produced by the Knittax company in [[wikipedia:Argentina| Argentina]] between the 1960s and the 1970s.

==Construction==
The construction method allows joining pieces with some pressure, locking the blocks for deformation of the semi-rigid plastic pins which, in a different way from the other brands, avoids the friction and wear between the pins and the internal surfaces of the blocks. This system avoids the fragility and instability in the models, giving a solidity not got by another construction toy or block system until that moment.

==Quality==
The quality the Rasti toy was produced with in Argentina (the axes were made in chromed steel with plastic points for joining the special holes in the wheels) was so excellent, and its popularity was so large during the sixties, that the word "Rasti" was of regular use and it is still used like a noun and generic word to describe the objects that can be built and unbuilt in pieces saying: "''it was broken like a Rasti''" or "''you can build it like a Rasti''".

Having obtained a considerable popularity in the toy market in Argentina, the "Rasti" was exported to countries such as [[wikipedia:Canada| Canada]] and [[wikipedia:Germany| Germany]] (from where the original design came) until its production moved to [[wikipedia:Brazil| Brazil]] when its license was granted to the company [[wikipedia:Hering| Hering]], and was continued making by some years although its quality was not as obtained as in his first Argentine time (the axes at last were made in a single piece of plastic and low coefficient of rigidity).

In Europe, nevertheless, with new colors but with the same basic pieces that dazzled the children of Argentina in the sixties, the Rasti still continued hitting Europe after the new millennium (“Rasti-2000”), demonstrating to have survived the passing of the years and to have maintained in the affective memory of those who are more than 40 today, and that, like before, today buy Rasti but for their children.

Between the more popular sets sold in the Rasti decades, there are the Minibox 600, the Multibox 800, the technical kits 501 and 502, the three variants of Rasti Mobil (202, 203 and 204), the Motobox 45 and its more complete version the Motobox 90, and the more large set, the famous and always desired "Starbox 1000".

Rasti was the preferred toy of children that today are between 40 and 50 years old for whom it was nearly an excluding toy, main entertainment and source of ideas, of great creativity, an adaptable game-toy, with the right pieces -and not very sophisticated- that allowed to carry out almost anything that the child's fantasy could imagine.

Rasti is a symbol of intelligent construction, of a constructive durable resistant system, ("'''Rasti-Resist'''" was the slogan in the sets) but, over all, Rasti was a trademark for the nostalgia and good moments for the childhood in the industrial Argentina of the sixties, a name that is destined to remain.

== External links ==
Rasti in Argentina
*[http://www.rasti.com.ar Rasti oficial page]
*[http://ar.groups.yahoo.com/group/republica_rasti República Rasti]
*[http://ar.groups.yahoo.com/group/RastiClubArgentina Rasti Club Argentina]

German Rasti fanpage
*[http://huefner.biz/rasti]

[[Category:Construction toys]]

Meccano

2008-10-09T00:15:35Z

Summary: /* Popularity */

[[Image:Meccano locomotive.jpg|right|thumb|350px|A model [[wikipedia:steam locomotive| steam locomotive]] built with Meccano.]]

'''Meccano''' is a [[Scale model|model]] [[wikipedia:construction| construction]] kit comprising re-usable [[wikipedia:metal| metal]] strips, plates, [[wikipedia:Structural steel#Common structural shapes|angle]] [[wikipedia:girder| girder]]s, [[wikipedia:wheel| wheel]]s, axles and [[wikipedia:gear| gear]]s, with [[wikipedia:Nut (hardware)|nuts]] and [[wikipedia:screw#bolt|bolt]]s to connect the pieces. It enables the building of working models and mechanical devices.

Meccano was invented in 1901 in [[wikipedia:England| England]] by [[wikipedia:Frank Hornby| Frank Hornby]] and manufactured by the [[wikipedia:United Kingdom|British]] company, [[wikipedia:Meccano Ltd| Meccano Ltd]], between 1908 and 1980. It is manufactured in [[wikipedia:France| France]] and [[wikipedia:China| China]].

==History==
:''See [[wikipedia:Frank Hornby| Frank Hornby]] for early Meccano history''.
===The first Meccano sets===
[[Image:3276601727 8a5eb5feca b.jpg|right|thumb|350px|Hispano Suizer racer]]
In 1901 [[wikipedia:Frank Hornby| Frank Hornby]], a clerk from [[wikipedia:Liverpool| Liverpool]], [[wikipedia:England| England]], invented and [[wikipedia:patent| patent]]ed a new toy called "Mechanics Made Easy" that was based on the principles of [[wikipedia:mechanical engineering| mechanical engineering]].<ref name="patent">"[http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=GB190100587&F=0 Hornby's 1901 patent]". Retrieved on 2007-07-17.</ref> It was a model construction kit consisting of perforated metal strips, plates and girders, with wheels, pulleys, gears and axles for mechanisms and motion, and nuts and bolts to connect the pieces. The perforations were at a standard ½ [[wikipedia:inch| inch]] (12.7 [[wikipedia:metre|mm]]) spacing, the axles were 8-[[wikipedia:Wire gauge|gauge]], and the nuts and bolts used 5/32 inch [[wikipedia:British Standard Whitworth|BSW]] threads. The only tools required to assemble models were a [[wikipedia:screwdriver| screwdriver]] and [[wikipedia:Wrench|spanners (wrenches)]]. It was more than just a toy, it was educational, teaching basic mechanical principles like [[wikipedia:lever| lever]]s and [[wikipedia:gear| gear]]ing.

The parts for Hornby's new construction kit were initially supplied by outside manufacturers, but as demand began to exceed supply, Hornby setup his own [[wikipedia:factory| factory]] in Duke Street, Liverpool. As the construction kits gained in popularity they soon became known as Meccano and went on sale across the world. In September 1907, Hornby registered the Meccano [[wikipedia:Trademark|trade mark]], and in May 1908, he formed [[wikipedia:Meccano Ltd| Meccano Ltd]]. To keep pace with demand, a new Meccano factory was built in Binns Road, Liverpool in 1914, which became Meccano Ltd's headquarters for the next 60 years. Hornby also established Meccano factories in [[wikipedia:France| France]], [[wikipedia:Spain| Spain]] and [[wikipedia:Argentina| Argentina]]. The word "Meccano" was thought to have been derived from the phrase "Make and Know".<ref> O'Shea, Patrick. "[http://www.mecworld.co.za/jmh/jmh/articles_files/what_is_meccano/whatismec.htm What is Meccano?]". ''Johannesburg Meccano Hobbyists''. Retrieved on 2007-07-17.</ref>

The first construction sets had parts that were rather crudely made: the metal strips and plates had a [[wikipedia:tinplate| tinplate]] finish, were not rounded at the ends and were not very sturdy. But manufacturing methods were improving all the time and by 1907 the quality and appearance had improved considerably: the metal strips were now made of thicker [[wikipedia:steel| steel]] with rounded ends and were [[wikipedia:nickel| nickel]]-plated, while the wheels and gears were machined from [[wikipedia:brass| brass]].

The first sets under the new Meccano name were numbered 1 to 6. In 1922 the No. 7 Meccano Outfit was introduced, which was the largest set of its day, and the most sought after because of its model building capabilities and prestige.

In 1926, to mark the 25th anniversary of his patent, Hornby introduced "Meccano in Colours" with the familiar [[wikipedia:red| red]] and [[wikipedia:green| green]] coloured Meccano pieces. Initially plates were a light red and items like the braced girders were a pea-green. However, the following year strips and girders were painted dark green, the plates Burgundy red, while the wheels and gears remained brass. In 1934 the Meccano pieces changed colour again: the strips and girders became [[wikipedia:gold (color)|gold]] while the plates were changed to [[wikipedia:blue| blue]] with gold criss-cross lines on them. This new colour scheme was only available in Great Britain until the end of the [[wikipedia:Second World War| Second World War]] in 1945. The old red and green sets were still produced for the export market and were re-introduced in Great Britain after the war.

[[Image:Meccano No7 Instructions (front).jpg|250px|thumb|left|Instruction book for the 1956 Meccano No. 7 and 8 Outfits, showing a model of a walking [[wikipedia:drag line excavator| drag line excavator]] built with the red and green Meccano pieces of the time.]]

===Meccano's heyday===
In 1934 the nine basic Meccano outfits (numbered 00 to 7) were replaced by eleven outfits, labelled 0, A to H, K and L, the old No. 7 Outfit becoming the L Outfit. This L Outfit is often regarded as the best of the largest Meccano outfits. In 1937 the alphabetical outfit series was replaced by a numeric series, 0 to 10, the L Outfit being replaced by the smaller No. 10 Outfit. Although reduced in size from the L Outfit, the No. 10 Outfit became Meccano's [[wikipedia:flagship| flagship]] set and remained relatively unchanged until it was discontinued a half-century later in 1992. Accessory sets were retained, numbered 1A to 9A, that converted a set to the next in the series (for example, accessory set 6A would convert a No. 6 set to a No. 7 set). As had been the case from early days, Meccano Ltd would also supply individual Meccano parts to complement existing sets.

[[wikipedia:World War II| World War II]] interrupted the production of Meccano in England when the Binns Road factory converted to manufacturing for the [[wikipedia:war effort| war effort]]. The [[wikipedia:Korean War| Korean War]] in 1950 also disrupted production due to a metal shortage and it was not until the mid-1950s that Meccano production returned to normal with new parts being added to all the sets.

In 1955 outfits 00 to 10 as well as conversion sets 00A to 9A were available.<ref>(1955) Instruktion för bygglåda Nr. 2 (in Swedish). Meccano Ltd.</ref>
In 1961 a Mechanisms Outfit and a Gears Outfit were added to the range,<ref>(1961) ''Meccano The Thrill of Build-It-Yourself''. Meccano Ltd.</ref> and in 1962 outfit 00 was withdrawn.<ref>(1962) Contents of Meccano outfits 1962. Meccano Ltd.</ref>

===Takeovers===
In the early 1960s Meccano Ltd experienced financial problems and was purchased by [[wikipedia:Lines Bros Ltd| Lines Bros Ltd]] (Tri-ang) in 1964. In an attempt to redefine Meccano's image, the colour scheme was changed again, this time to [[wikipedia:yellow| yellow]] and [[wikipedia:black| black]] plates, with [[wikipedia:silver (color)|silver]] strips and girders. The silver was soon replaced by zinc in 1967 when it was found that the silver pieces marked easily. The colours of yellow and black were chosen because they were the colours typically used by most large [[wikipedia:construction vehicle| construction vehicle]]s of the day. In 1970 [[wikipedia:electronics|electronic]] parts were introduced for the first time and the current black coloured plates were changed to [[wikipedia:blue| blue]]. The range of sets was reduced by one with the deletion of the old No. 9 set and the renumbering of the old No. 0 to 8 sets to No. 1 to 9. The No. 10 set remained unchanged.<ref> (1971) Book of Models outfit 2. Meccano Ltd.</ref>

Lines Brothers went into voluntary [[wikipedia:liquidation| liquidation]] in 1971 and [[wikipedia:Airfix| Airfix]] Industries purchased Meccano Ltd in 1972. In 1973 outfits 1 to 10 were still available, but new kits were added: Army Multikit, Highway Multikit, Plastic Meccano, Pocket Meccano and two Clock Kits.<ref>(1973) Meccano sarjat ja uutuudet 1973 (outfits and novelties) (in Finnish). Helsinki, Finland: Ky Lelumyynti. </ref>

In 1978 the range of Meccano sets was further reduced and changed with the replacement of the No. 2 to 8 sets by six completely new sets, labelled A and 1 to 5. The old No. 9 and 10 sets were left largely unchanged. By 1980 Airfix themselves were in financial trouble and, in an attempt to cut their losses, they shut down the Binns Road factory, bringing to an end the manufacture of Meccano in England. Meccano was, however, still being manufactured in France, although under the ownership of General Mills, a [[wikipedia:United States| United States]] toy manufacturer since 1972.

===The new Meccano===
In 1981 General Mills bought what was left of Meccano Ltd UK, giving it now complete control of the Meccano franchise. All the existing Meccano sets were scrapped and a totally new range of sets were designed for production in France called "Meccano Junior". These new sets included many plastic parts and could only build small models. Thus Meccano's concept of "Engineering in Miniature" was now completely lost and it was reduced to nothing more than a toy.

[[Image:Meccano motorcycle3.JPG|thumb|left|250px|Meccano model motorcycle built with the Meccano Motion System 50 set.]]
In 1985 General Mills sold out to a French accountant, Marc Rebibo, and, once again, all existing Meccano sets were scrapped. The "Meccano Junior" sets were replaced with three "Premier Meccano" sets and two "Motor" sets (including a six-speed motor) were introduced. Due to demand, the old Meccano No. 5 to 10 sets from 1981 were re-introduced.

In 1989 Marc Rebibo sold what remained of Meccano to Francois Duvauchelle. [[wikipedia:Hex key|Allen head]] zinc plated steel bolts replaced the original slot-headed brass-plated bolts and the "Plastic Meccano Junior" sets were brought back. With younger model builders in mind, many theme sets were also introduced, including a "Construction and Agricultural" series, "Space" models and "Dynamic" sets. The old-style No. 5 to 10 sets remained in production until 1992.

In 1994 additional theme sets were introduced and a pull-back friction motor was added to the Plastic Meccano System. In 1996 "Action Control" sets with [[wikipedia:infrared| infrared]] controls were added and 1999 saw the introduction of a "Motion System" range of sets that changed the look of Meccano completely. There were six one-model sets, two five-model sets, and five new sets numbered 10 to 50, the 20 to 50 sets being motorized. A complete change from the normal practice (sticking to a single majority colour) was that every set had its own colour scheme, often in bright neon colours.

In 2000 Nikko, a Japanese toy manufacturer, purchased 49% of Meccano and took on its marketing internationally through its established channels for radio-controlled toys. Development and design remained with the 51% of Meccano SN, based in Calais, France. Nikko launched a successful range of new sets, including "Crazy Inventors" and the "Future Master" range. Significantly, Nikko radio control and programmable electronics started to appear in the System. However, under commercial pressure, Nikko sold its interest in the Meccano name and System back to Meccano SN, the French parent company, in August 2007.

Meccano is manufactured in France and [[wikipedia:China| China]].

Meccano today is very different from its heyday in the 1930s to 1950s. The target market has not changed much (still youngsters). However, the mass market, instant-appeal approach does not always satisfy serious Meccano enthusiasts. For example, it is often difficult to obtain original spares.

Many parts were introduced since the Liverpool factory closed under the French-and-Japanese running of the company. These included plastic parts, gears, electric motors and battery boxes. Metal became an expensive raw material to work with and many of the metal parts were replaced with plastic parts. Allen (hex-headed) zinc electroplated steel bolts replaced the slotted bolts. Die-hard enthusiasts from the declining height of the Meccano era are now in their 50s or 60s. Some of these Meccano modellers enthusiastically embrace the changes and new parts. However, the "purists" look down on these new parts. Some enthusiasts set self-imposed limits on using only parts deemed to be traditional and steer clear of those parts viewed as “not truly Meccano”.

Original specialist parts, such as very long (up to 2 foot) angle girders, loom shuttles, printing rollers, etc. often required for large Super Models are becoming more difficult to obtain. However there are replica manufacturers around the world who satisfy the need from enthusiasts who build legacy models that need these parts.

The current range of Meccano electric motors are small DC types designed to run on domestic batteries. These are low-torque high-speed "can" motors. These are inexpensive and suitable for small models that a child might construct from the standard range of sets. Adult enthusiasts tend to use a wider range of high-performance motors that are better suited to powering large models. During Meccano's heyday, the electric motors on offer were universal wound (for use on DC or AC supplies). Particularly well known were the E020, E20R and E15R [[wikipedia:universal motors| universal motors]], and issued after the Second World War. These could be run from a mains transformer or, in the case of the E15R, a 12V car battery. Earlier there had been short-lived (and potentially lethal) mains motors designed for DC mains with a domestic lightbulb in series to drop the voltage, followed by motors of the post-War pattern but wound for 4.5 or 6V DC and suited to lead/acid accumulator power. These, as well as the latter accumulator are now rare if in good condition.

What has remained the same during all these years, is the [[wikipedia:Imperial unit|Imperial]] ½ inch perforation spacing and the 5/32 inch nut and bolt [[wikipedia:British Standard Whitworth|whitworth threads]]. Meccano must be one of the very few products which have maintained identical standards and complete interchangeability of parts from its commercial inception in 1901 right through to the present day. Many modern models function perfectly with Meccano components that are more than 100 years old.

Some model construction kits are compatible with Meccano. One example is the [[wikipedia:Switzerland|Swiss]] brand [[wikipedia:Stokys| Stokys]], which has been manufactured since 1941. Their elements are mainly made of thick stable metal in order to fit to the general approach of [[wikipedia:Swiss Made|Swiss Quality]]. Other examples are Exacto and Metallus.

Meccano has always had several compatible products on the market (such as X-Series Meccano, Plastic Meccano, Mogul Toys and Speed-Play) In 2007, a plastic robot named "Spykee" arrived. The robot is controlled using a WiFi interface, has a webcam and can climb stairs. It can also be controlled over the Internet and configured as a security camera. The robot is primarily packaged in a single plastic base component and comprises additional bolt-on plastic parts that are present for aesthetic purposes only. The robot base does include some standard Meccano hole spacing. By September 2008, the Spykee robot family numbers five, with each robot having different capabilities.

==Capabilities==
[[Image:2562685358 48ea355240 o.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Mecanos]] powered by a restored 1929 Meccano [[wikipedia:steam engine| steam engine]]. It was built by [http://www.mecworld.co.za/cmrp/ Chris ELS] in 2004. See details at [http://www.mecworld.co.za/cmrp/cmrp/models_files/model16/model16.htm Chris's Meccano Restoration Page] ]]

With a Meccano set there was a wide range of models that could be built. Here are the models for which instructions were given in the largest set of the late 1950s, the "Outfit 10":
:''"Railway Service Crane", "Sports Motor Car", "Coal Tipper", "Cargo Ship", "Double Decker Bus", "Lifting Shovel", "Blocksetting Crane", "Beam Bridge", "Dumper Truck", "Automatic Gantry Crane", "Automatic Snow Loader", "4-4-0 Passenger Locomotive"''
On top of these there were instruction leaflets available for:
:''"Combine Harvester", "The Eiffel Tower", "Showman’s Traction Engine", "Twin-Cylinder Motor Cycle Engine", "Trench Digger", "Bottom Dump Truck", "Road Surfacing Machine", "Mechanical Loading Shovel"''

Since this time, enthusiasts such as [[wikipedia:G. Maurice Morris| G. Maurice Morris]] and [[MW Models]] have taken to publishing their own model plans, ranging from small models up to large and complex machines.

In 1935 Meccano was the primary construction material used by J. B. Bratt in building several [[wikipedia:analog computer| analog computer]]s. The computers were used for several decades to calculate [[wikipedia:differential equation| differential equation]]s, and one such machine, the "'''Meccano Differential Analyser No. 2'''" survives to this day. That specific machine was used by the [[wikipedia:Allies| Allies]] in [[wikipedia:Operation Chastise| Operation Chastise]] where the computer played a critical role in planning the bombing runs for bombs that would bounce across water before colliding with and destroying [[wikipedia:Axis powers of World War II|German]] dams.<ref> O’Neill, Rob. "[http://computerworld.co.nz/news.nsf/tech/7627BB58BAFE998DCC257317001AA6D1 Meccano ‘Dam Busters’ computer stars at MOTAT]". ''Computerworld''. Retrieved on 2007-07-17.</ref> <ref> Irwin, William. "[http://dalefield.com/nzfmm/magazine/Differential_Analyser.html The Differential Analyser Explained]". ''The New Zealand Federation of Meccano Modellers''. Retrieved on 2007-07-17.</ref>

Meccano remains a very versatile constructional medium. Just about any mechanical device can be built with it, from structures, to complex working [[wikipedia:Crane (machine)|cranes]], [[wikipedia:Automatic transmission|automatic gearboxes]] or extremely accurate clocks. Meccano is frequently used to prototype new ideas and inventions. Model realisation using Meccano is limited only by the imagination and ingenuity of the builder.

In 2002 and 2005 (respectively), Tim Robinson constructed working Meccano models of [[wikipedia:Charles Babbage| Charles Babbage]]'s [[wikipedia:Difference Engine| Difference Engine]]s [http://www.meccano.us/difference_engines/rde_1/index.html #1] and [http://www.meccano.us/difference_engines/rde_2/index.html #2].

The largest Meccano model ever built (by size) was a giant [[wikipedia:Ferris wheel|Ferris Wheel]], made by Meccano S.A. in France in 1990. It was modelled after the original 1893 wheel built by [[wikipedia:George Washington Gale Ferris, Jr.|George Ferris]] at the World Colombian Exposition at [[wikipedia:Chicago| Chicago]] and was shipped to the United States to promote "Erector Meccano" after Meccano S.A. had bought out the "[[Erector Set|Erector]]" trade name and began selling Meccano sets in the U.S.A. It went on display in [[wikipedia:New York City| New York City]] after which it was purchased by [[wikipedia:Ripley's Believe It or Not!| Ripley's Believe It or Not!]] and put on display in their [[wikipedia:St. Augustine, Florida| St. Augustine, Florida]] museum. The model is 6.5 meters (21.3 ft) high, weighs 544 kilograms (1,200 pounds), was made from 19,507 pieces, 50,560 nuts and bolts, and took 1,239 hours to construct. <ref> "[http://www.dalefield.com/nzfmm/gm20c/gm2.html Greatest Meccano Models of the Twentieth Century]". ''The New Zealand Federation of Meccano Modellers''. Retrieved on 2007-07-17.</ref> At this mass and size, some deviation from Meccano-only parts was a necessity, to prevent it collapsing (mainly in the structural spokes). The largest model by mass would certainly be in contention but some models have topped 600 kg.

==Popularity==
[[Image:2562685868 26c8799c22 o.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Mecanos]]
Frank Hornby launched the Meccano Guild in 1919, to encourage boys of all ages -as well as early clubs- to become part of a central organisation, which oversaw club formation, and set guidelines for club proceedings. The ''[[wikipedia:Meccano Magazine| Meccano Magazine]]'' was used as a means to keep Guild clubs informed of each others activities (as well as encourage the sales of Meccano).

The International Society of Meccanomen was founded in 1989 in England, nine years after the Liverpool factory closed. This organization is considered the modern replacement of the Guild system and now has some 600 members in over 30 countries.

Today, over a hundred years since its inception, there are thousands of Meccano enthusiasts worldwide, many clubs and hundreds of [[wikipedia:website| website]]s covering Meccano history, model building instructions and nostalgia. Individuals and companies worldwide still manufacture parts, some long out of production. There are annual Meccano exhibitions around the world, notably in [[wikipedia:France| France]] (at a different venue around May each year) and at [[wikipedia:Skegness| Skegness]] in England (around July every year). Many notable shows also take place in [[wikipedia:South Africa| South Africa]], [[wikipedia:Australia| Australia]] and [[wikipedia:New Zealand| New Zealand]] each year to name a few.

Publications devoted fully or in part to Meccano included ''[[wikipedia:Meccano Magazine| Meccano Magazine]]'' from 1916 to 1981, and numerous Special Model Leaflets aimed at serious enthusiasts, on how to construct very large, complex models and machines. Some models use many more parts than an entire Set 10. The original large models from the 1930s model leaflets are called the Meccano Super Models, often popular at Meccano and other [[wikipedia:model engineering| model engineering]] exhibitions and sometimes used as nostalgic showpieces by retailers. Modern dedicated publications include: ''Constructor Quarterly'', ''The International Meccanoman'' and the ''ModelPlans'' series of instructions. These feature large model instructions and ideas for enthusiasts. There are also a myriad of club-generated periodicals, featuring Meccano content and keeping enthusiasts in touch.

The careers many people chose were influenced by their experience and knowledge gained from using the product.<ref name="careers">"[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1996/kroto-autobio.html Harry Kroto Nobel Prize autobiography]". Retrieved on 2007-07-17.</ref>

==See also==
*[[wikipedia:Frank Hornby| Frank Hornby]]
*[[wikipedia:Meccano Ltd| Meccano Ltd]]
*[[wikipedia:Meccano Magazine| Meccano Magazine]]
*[[wikipedia:Märklin| Märklin]]
*[[Erector Set]]
*[[Merkur]]
*[[Steel Tec]]
*[[Bayko]]
*[[Stokys]]
*[[Lego]]

==Footnotes==

{{reflist}}

==External links==

===General===
*[http://www.internationalmeccanomen.org.uk/ International Society of Meccanomen]
*[http://www.meccanoweb.com/meccring/ Meccano Web Ring — a comprehensive collection of Meccano related websites]
*[http://www.meccano.com Nikko's Meccano website]
*[http://www.vam.ac.uk/moc/collections/toys/construction_toys/meccano/index.html Meccano — V&A Museum of Childhood]

===History===
*[http://www.mecworld.co.za/jmh/jmh/articles_files/what_is_meccano/whatismec.htm What is Meccano?]
*[http://www.toyman.co.za/history/chronology.html A Chronological History of Meccano]
*[http://www.dalefield.com/mwes/history History of Meccano]
*[http://www.eliwhitney.org/hornby/preface.htm Frank Hornby: The Boy Who Made $1,000,000 With a Toy]

===Resources===
*[http://www.meccanoscene.co.uk/ Meccanoscene — a forum based resource, with articles]
*[http://mail.austprem.org.au/mailman/listinfo/spanner Spanner — an e-mail based subscriber list for Meccano enthusiasts]
*[http://www.nzmeccano.com/Parts.php Meccano parts — a historical part variation database]
*[http://www.meccanopedia.com Meccanopedia — a wiki based Meccano resource]
*[http://www.mecworld.co.za/cmrp/ Meccano Restoration Archive — fixing old, bent, rusted Meccano]
*[http://www.btinternet.com/~a.esplen/mecc.htm Alan's Meccano Pages]
*[http://www.eleinmec.com/ Electronics in Meccano]
*[http://www.virtualmec.com VirtualMEC A computer program which to simulate building with Meccano]
*[http://mikes-steam-engines.co.uk/ Photos of toy steam engines including the 1929 Meccano steam engine]
*[http://home.wanadoo.nl/swinkels-10/Meccano%20kinematics.htm Meccano Kinematics]

[[Category:Construction toys]]
[[Category:Educational toys]]
[[Category:English inventions]]

Märklin

2008-10-08T23:47:25Z

Summary:

[[Image:Modeltrain2.jpg|thumb|400px|A simple Märklin model railroad]]
'''Märklin''' ('''MÄRKLIN''' or '''MAERKLIN''' in capital letters) is a [[wikipedia:Germany|German]] [[toy]] company, founded in 1859. Although it originally specialised in [[doll house]] accessories, today it is best known for [[model railway]]s and technical toys. In some parts of Germany, the company's name is almost synonymous with model railroads. Recently, the third game in the [[Ticket to Ride]] board game series was named in their honour.

== History ==
[[Image:3059750024 d4a737b469 o.jpg|thumb|400px|Märklin Locomotive Baby Krocodile]]
Märklin released its first wind-up train with cars that ran on expandable track in 1891, noting that railroad toys had the potential to follow the common practice of doll houses, in which the initial purchase would be enhanced and expanded with more accessories for years after the initial purchase. To this end, Märklin offered additional rolling stock and track with which to expand its boxed sets.

Märklin is responsible for the creation of virtually every popular model railroad gauge or scale, with only noteworthy exceptions being [[wikipedia:N scale| N scale]] and [[wikipedia:Wide gauge| Wide gauge]]. In 1891, Märklin defined gauges 1-5 as standards for [[toy train]]s and presented them at the [[wikipedia:Leipzig| Leipzig]] Toy Fair. They soon became international standards. Märklin followed with [[wikipedia:O gauge| O gauge]] (by some accounts as early as 1895 or as late as 1901), [[wikipedia:H0 scale| H0 scale]] in 1935, and the diminutive [[wikipedia:Z scale| Z scale]] in 1972 — this is the smallest commercially available scale, 1:220.

Today, Märklin manufactures and markets trains and accessories in [[wikipedia:Gauge 1| Gauge 1]], [[wikipedia:H0 scale| H0 scale]], and [[wikipedia:Z scale| Z scale]]. In 1994 Märklin acquired a [[wikipedia:Nuremberg| Nuremberg]] based model train manufacturer [[wikipedia:Trix (company)|Trix]]. Today Trix is another brand of Märklin Holding and covers N-scale and DC-operated HO scale. Märklin's older trains are considered highly collectible today, and Märklin's current offerings enjoy premium status among hobbyists.

Although Märklin is best known for its trains, from 1914 to 1999, the company produced mechanical construction sets similar to [[wikipedia:Meccano| Meccano]] and [[Erector Set|Erector]]. Between 1967 and 1982, the company produced a slotcar system called Märklin Sprint. Märklin also produced numerous other toys over the years, including lithographed tinplate toy automobiles and boats.

On 11th May 2006, the company, which had until then been owned by the three families Märklin, Friz and Safft, was sold to the British investment group [[wikipedia:Kingsbridge Capital| Kingsbridge Capital]], with the support of the employees. The new shareholders plan to restructure the company and make it profitable again. The purchase price was approximately $38 million. At the time, Märklin had approximately $70.5 million in debt, as a result of several years of slumping sales.

In 2007, the company expanded its product offering by buying the remaining assets of the bankrupt firm, [[wikipedia:Ernst Paul Lehmann Patentwerk| Ernst Paul Lehmann Patentwerk]], who owned the LGB brand and product line of [[wikipedia:G scale| G scale]] model railways.

== The Märklin System ==
The '''Märklin system''' is the technique of using a [[wikipedia:third rail (model railroading)|third rail]] concealed in the roadbed with only small [[wikipedia:Stud contact system|studs]] protruding through the ties of the track. The two outer rails are connected electrically. This provides the simplified wiring enjoyed by larger gauges — such as reverse loops — without seriously detracting from the realism of the track because only two of the rails are visible. Because the two outer rails are not electrically isolated from each other, however, some do not consider Märklin's system to be a true three-rail system.

The Märklin system has some incompatibility with other manufacturers' H0 trains. Because the wheels on Märklin's cars are not insulated, it causes shorts if its cars are used on other manufacturers' H0 track, without changing the wheels. The profile of the wheels are also different (see also NEM 340). Additionally, for many years Märklin was the only brand that used [[wikipedia:Alternating current|AC]] for its H0 scale trains, although in the 60s [[Fleischmann]], HAG, Röwa, [[Roco]] and others started producing trains for the Märklin system. Some people convert Märklin [[wikipedia:locomotive| locomotive]]s to [[wikipedia:Direct current|DC]] for use on DC layouts, and by buying HAMO, Märklin had begun offering a line of DC locomotives as well, first under the name of HAMO and, after buying [[wikipedia:Trix (company)|Trix]], under that name.

'''Märklin System''' is the brand name for Märklin's new version of proprietary [[Märklin Digital]] train control system for H0-scale and 1-scale model trains introduced in 2004. Like Märklin Digital it is used for controlling trains and accessories digitally. The difference is that it has more available addresses, programmable decoders and a feedback-function from the mfx-decoders that helps the control unit identify the locomotives.

[[Image:Marklin_HO_loc.jpg|right|400px|thumb|[[Märklin Digital]] locomotive]]

=== Märklin Digital ===
Märklin was among the first model railway companies to introduce a digital train control system. The [[Märklin Digital]] system was introduced in 1984 and jointly developed with Motorola. However, Märklin's system is not compatible with DCC ([[wikipedia:Digital Command Control| Digital Command Control]]), which was developed by a number of different people and companies and standardized by the [[wikipedia:National Model Railroad Association| National Model Railroad Association]] in the 1990s. Märklin offers DCC powered locomotives only for its 2-rail DC Trix brand.

===Märklin k83 ===
The '''Märklin k83''' is one of the components of the [[Märklin Digital]] system for controlling model trains.

The Märklin k83 module allows 4 electromagnetic articles to be switched to either 'red' or 'green'. These are used for setting turnouts, signals etc.

The address of each module is set by a [[wikipedia:DIP switch| DIP switch]] inside the housing.

The current that is produced is momentary - just long enough to switch the electro-magent in the item from one state to the other. Permanent switching of a continuous current is handled by a separate module - the '''Märklin-6084 or k84'''.

===Märklin k84===
The '''Märklin k84''' is one of the components of the [[Märklin Digital]] system for controlling model trains.

The Märklin k84 module is essentially 4 digital relays each with 2 mutually exclusive outputs. These modules are used for switching current on and off. The address of each module is set by a [[wikipedia:DIP switch| DIP switch]] inside the housing.

The current that is produced is continuous. Momentary switching for the purposes of switching electromagnetic devices is handled by a separate module - the '''Märklin-6083 or k83'''.

== Products and collectibles ==
Over the years, the Märklin marque became valuable to model train collectors, some of the very early models fetching impressive prices on auction. In January 2005, the Märklin museum in [[wikipedia:Göppingen| Göppingen]], [[wikipedia:Germany| Germany]], was burgled and more than 100 pieces, with an estimated value of more than 1 million Euros, were stolen. The items, which included one-of-a-kind prototypes along with pieces that dated back to 1891, were recovered in March 2005.<ref>[http://www.marklin.com/theft.html Märklin Museum Break-In and Theft]</ref>

The range of products is extensive, and collectors also pay attention to packaging that were used for the products.

The Märklin toy company systematically included a print run  number on almost all their printed material, including the boxes in which their products shipped. These print run numbers indicate the printer and also the month and year of printing. This is useful for dating an item that is known to be associated with some printed material. The second group of digits indicates the catalogue number. The last set of numeric digits in the print run number indicates the month and year that the item was printed. The last group of letters identifies the printer.

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.maerklin.com Märklin company web site]
*[http://www.macbeth66.com/marklin/diary/links-marklin.html Compilation of all known Märklin related sites]
*[http://layout.mixmox.com Märklin layouts]
*[http://www.dalefield.com/nzfmm/odds&ends/marklin1.html Märklin Metallbaukasten brief history]

[[Category:Model railroad manufacturers]]
[[Category:Digital model train control]]
[[Category:Construction toys]]
[[Category:Toy train manufacturers]]

Lincoln Logs

2008-10-08T23:41:13Z

Summary:

[[Image:Lincoln Logs sawmill.jpg|thumb|right|180px|A sawmill made from Lincoln Logs.]]
'''Lincoln Logs''' are a [[toy]] consisting of notched miniature logs, about ¾ inches (1-2[[wikipedia:centimetre|cm]]) in [[wikipedia:diameter| diameter]]. Analogous to real logs used in a [[wikipedia:log cabin| log cabin]], Lincoln Logs have notches in their ends so that small [[wikipedia:Scale model|model]] log buildings can be built. In addition, a Lincoln Logs set has [[wikipedia:window| window]]s and [[wikipedia:door| door]]s to make the buildings more realistic. More modern sets also come with figures of humans and animals that match the scale of the buildings.{{Fact|date=July 2007}}

Lincoln Logs were invented some time between 1916 and 1917 (the official Lincoln Logs website indicates 1916) by [[wikipedia:John Lloyd Wright| John Lloyd Wright]], a son of the notable [[wikipedia:architect| architect]] [[wikipedia:Frank Lloyd Wright| Frank Lloyd Wright]]. In 1918, they were marketed by the Red Square Toy Company and by John Lloyd Wright, Incorporated of [[wikipedia:Chicago, Illinois| Chicago, Illinois]].{{Fact|date=July 2007}} Lincoln Logs originally came with instructions on how to build [[wikipedia:Uncle Tom's Cabin| Uncle Tom's Cabin]] as well as Lincoln's log cabin.{{Fact|date=July 2007}}

The [[wikipedia:architecture| architecture]] of the [[wikipedia:Imperial Hotel, Tokyo|Imperial Hotel]] basement in [[wikipedia:Tokyo| Tokyo]], designed by John's father, which used a unique foundation of interlocking beams to make the structure "earthquake proof", assisted in the designing of the toy logs.{{Fact|date=July 2007}}<ref>"John Kenneth Lloyd Wright." ''Dictionary of American Biography, Supplement 9'': 1971-1975 Charles Scribner's Sons, 1994.</ref>

The toy can easily produce a structure resembling a log cabin, hence the association with [[wikipedia:President of the United States|American president]] [[wikipedia:Abraham Lincoln| Abraham Lincoln]] (who spent his childhood in a log cabin). The toy's name may have been influenced by his father's birth name, which was Frank Lincoln Wright.{{Fact|date=July 2007}}

The sets were originally made of 100% wood, with varying colors of roof pieces, but by the 1970's almost all the wood had been replaced by plastic. As of this writing the company has brought back the wood pieces in their Nostalgia line of products.

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://lincolnlogs.knex.com/ Lincoln Logs official website] -

[[Category:Construction toys]]
[[Category:Hasbro products]]

Lego

2008-10-08T23:28:51Z

Summary: /* External links */

[[Image:2479870766 fc33afb02e o.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Lego City Street]]
'''Lego''', officially trademarked '''LEGO''', is a line of construction [[toy]]s manufactured by the [[wikipedia:Lego Group| Lego Group]], a privately held company based in [[wikipedia:Billund| Billund]], [[wikipedia:Denmark| Denmark]]. The company's flagship product, "Lego", have consisted of colorful interlocking plastic bricks and an accompanying array of gears, [[wikipedia:minifigure| minifigure]]s and various other parts. Lego bricks can be assembled and connected in many ways, to construct such objects as vehicles, buildings and even working robots. Anything constructed can then be taken apart again, and the pieces used to make other objects. Kits are sold which contain all necessary pieces for a particular project. Some hobbyists try to collect, buy, and sell various other pieces in different shapes and colors, to construct other hobbyist-created designs. The toys were originally designed in the 1940s in Europe and have achieved an international appeal, with an extensive subculture that supports Lego movies, games, competitions, and four Lego-themed amusement parks.

== Early history ==
[[Image:305410323 effd579e8f b.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Lego People]] replica made entirely of ''Lego'' bricks, on display at the [[wikipedia:Times Square| Times Square]] location of [[wikipedia:Toys "R" Us| Toys "R" Us]] in [[wikipedia:New York City| New York City]].

The Lego Group began in the workshop of [[wikipedia:Ole Kirk Christiansen| Ole Kirk Christiansen]], a carpenter from [[wikipedia:Billund| Billund]], Denmark. Christiansen began creating wooden toys in 1932; the company began calling itself "Lego" two years later in 1934. The company expanded to producing plastic toys in 1940. In 1949, Lego began producing the now-famous interlocking bricks, calling them "Automatic Binding Bricks." These bricks were based largely on the design of [[wikipedia:Kiddicraft| Kiddicraft]] Self-Locking Bricks, which were released in the UK in 1947. The first Lego bricks, manufactured from [[wikipedia:cellulose acetate| cellulose acetate]], were developed in the spirit of traditional wooden blocks that could be stacked upon one another; however, these plastic bricks could be "locked" together. They had several round "studs" on top, and a hollow rectangular bottom. The blocks snapped together, but not so tightly that they could not be pulled apart.

The company name Lego was coined by Christiansen from the [[wikipedia:Danish language|Danish]] phrase ''leg godt'', which means "play well". The name could also be interpreted as "I put together" or "I assemble" in [[wikipedia:Latin| Latin]], though this would be a somewhat forced application of the general sense "I collect; I gather; I learn"; the word is most used in the derived sense, "I read". The [[wikipedia:cognate| cognate]] [[wikipedia:Greek language|Greek]] verb "λέγω" or "lego" also means "gather, pick up", but this can include constructing a stone wall.<ref>Homer, [[wikipedia:Odyssey| Odyssey]] [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0136&layout=&loc=18.359 18.359]</ref>

The Lego Group's motto is "Only the best is good enough", a free translation of the Danish phrase ''Det bedste er ikke for godt''. This motto was created by Ole Kirk to encourage his employees never to skimp on quality, a value he believed in strongly. The motto is still used within the company today.

The use of plastic for toy manufacture was not highly regarded by retailers and consumers of the time. Many of the Lego Group's shipments were returned, following poor sales; it was thought that plastic toys could never replace wooden ones.

By 1954, Christiansen's son, [[wikipedia:Godtfred Kirk Christiansen| Godtfred Kirk Christiansen]], had become the junior managing director of the Lego Group. It was his conversation with an overseas buyer that struck the idea of a toy system. Godtfred saw the immense potential in Lego bricks to become a system for creative play, but the bricks still had some problems from a technical standpoint: their "locking" ability was limited, and they were not very versatile. It was not until 1958 that the modern-day brick design was developed, and it took another five years to find the right material for it. The modern Lego brick was patented on January 28, 1958, and bricks from that year are still compatible with current bricks.

==Design==
[[Image:Trafalgar legoland Copyright2003KTai.jpg|thumbnail|250px|A model of [[wikipedia:Trafalgar Square| Trafalgar Square]], [[wikipedia:London| London]] in [[wikipedia:Legoland Windsor| Legoland Windsor]].]]

Lego pieces of all varieties are a part of a universal system. Despite variation in the design and purpose of individual pieces over the years, each remains compatible in some way with existing pieces. Lego bricks from 1963 still interlock with those made in 2008, and Lego sets for young children are compatible with those made for teenagers.

Bricks, beams, axles, mini figures, and all other elements in the Lego system are manufactured to an exacting degree of [[wikipedia:Tolerance (engineering)|tolerance]]. When snapped together, pieces must have just the right amount of "clutch power"; they must stay together until pulled apart. They cannot be too easy to pull apart, or the resulting constructions would be unstable; they also cannot be too difficult to pull apart, since the disassembly of one creation in order to build another is part of the Lego appeal. In order for pieces to have just the right "clutch power", Lego elements are manufactured within a tolerance of 2 [[wikipedia:Micrometre|µm]].<ref name="companyprofile">"[http://www.lego.com/info/pdf/LEGO_company_profile_UK.pdf Page 18 of the Lego company profile document]". ''lego.com''. Retrieved on 12 May 2007.</ref>

Primary concept and development work takes place at the Billund headquarters, where the company employs approximately 120 designers. The company also has smaller design offices in the UK, Spain, Germany, and Japan, which are tasked with developing products aimed specifically at these markets. The average development period for a new product is around twelve months, in three stages. The first stage is to identify market trends and developments, including contact by the designers directly with the market; some are stationed in toy shops close to holiday periods, while others interview children. The second stage is the design and development of the product based upon the results of the first stage. As of September 2008 the design teams use [[wikipedia:3D modeling| 3D modeling]] software such as [[wikipedia:Rhinoceros 3D| Rhinoceros 3D]] to generate [[wikipedia:Computer-aided design|CAD]] drawings from initial design sketches. The designs are then prototyped using an in-house [[wikipedia:stereolithography| stereolithography]] machine. These are presented to the entire project team for comment and for testing by parents and children during the "validation" process. Designs may then be altered in accordance with the results from the focus groups. [[wikipedia:Virtual model| Virtual model]]s of completed Lego products are built concurrently with the writing of the user instructions. Completed CAD models are also used in the wider organisation, such as for marketing and packaging.<ref name="3d">Frances Corbet (September 2008). "Child's Play". ''Develop 3D'': 25-27. X3DMedia. Retrieved on 2008-09-22.</ref>

== Today ==
Since it began producing plastic bricks, the Lego Group has released thousands of play sets themed around a variety of topics. Examples include, but are not limited to, space, robots, [[Lego Pirates|pirates]], [[Lego Vikings|vikings]], medieval [[wikipedia:castle| castle]]s, [[wikipedia:dinosaur| dinosaur]]s, holiday locations, scuba diving, the [[wikipedia:American Old West|wild west]], the [[wikipedia:Arctic| Arctic]], airports, miners, ''[[wikipedia:Lego Star Wars|Star Wars]]'', ''[[Lego Batman|Batman]]'', ''[[wikipedia:SpongeBob SquarePants| SpongeBob SquarePants]]'', ''[[Lego Harry Potter|Harry Potter]]'', ''[[Lego Indiana Jones|Indiana Jones]]'' and ''[[wikipedia:Speed Racer| Speed Racer]]''. New elements are often released along with new sets. There are also Lego sets designed to appeal to young girls such as the Clikits line which consists of small interlocking parts that are meant to encourage creativity and arts and crafts, much like regular Lego bricks. Clikit pieces can interlock with regular Lego bricks as decorative elements.

The Lego range has expanded to encompass accessory motors, gears, lights, sensors, and cameras designed to be used with Lego components. There are even special bricks, like the [[Lego Mindstorms NXT|Lego NXT]] that can be programmed with a PC or a Mac to perform very complicated and useful tasks. These programmable bricks are sold under the name [[Lego Mindstorms]].

In 2006 a new Lego Mindstorms kit called [[Lego Mindstorms NXT|Mindstorms NXT]] was released. It is more advanced than the previous [[wikipedia:Lego Mindstorms#RCX brick|RCX]], and has a new array of sensors. They include touch, sound, light, and a new [[wikipedia:ultrasonic| ultrasonic]] sensor technology. There is also a [[wikipedia:Bluetooth| Bluetooth]] compatible hookup that can send and receive messages from one's [[wikipedia:cellphone| cellphone]] and other Bluetooth compatible devices. The RCX was only compatible with Windows, but the NXT is compatible with both [[wikipedia:Microsoft Windows|Windows]] and [[wikipedia:Mac OS X|Mac OS]].

There are several robotics competitions which use Lego bricks and the RCX. The earliest, and likely the largest, is [[wikipedia:Botball| Botball]], a national U.S. [[wikipedia:middle school|middle]]- and [[wikipedia:high-school| high-school]] competition stemming from the MIT 6.270 Lego robotics tournament. A related competition is [[FIRST Lego League]] for [[wikipedia:elementary school|elementary]] and middle schools. The international [[wikipedia:RoboCup Junior| RoboCup Junior]] [[wikisports:soccer| soccer]] competition involves extensive use of [[Lego Mindstorms]] equipment which is often pushed to its extreme limits.

[[Bionicle]] is a line of [[toy]]s by the [[wikipedia:Lego Group| Lego Group]] that is marketed towards those in the 7–16-year-old age range. The line was launched in January 2001 in [[wikipedia:Europe| Europe]] and June/July 2001 in the [[wikipedia:United States| United States]]. The Bionicle idea originated from the earlier toy lines [[Slizer]]s (also known as Throwbots) and Roboriders. Both of these lines had similar throwing disks and characters based on [[wikipedia:classical element| classical element]]s. The sets in the Bionicle line have increased in size and flexibility through the years.

Lego Group operates four [[wikipedia:Legoland| Legoland]] [[wikipedia:amusement parks| amusement parks]], the original in [[wikipedia:Billund| Billund]], Denmark, the second in [[wikipedia:Windsor| Windsor]] England and the third in [[wikipedia:Gunzburg| Gunzburg]], Germany; there is also one in [[wikipedia:California| California]]. On July 13, 2005, the control of 70% of the Legoland parks was sold for $460 million to the [[wikipedia:Blackstone Group| Blackstone Group]] of New York while the remaining 30% is still held by the Lego Group. There are also several Lego Brand retail stores, including ones at [[wikipedia:Downtown Disney| Downtown Disney]] in both the [[wikipedia:Disneyland Resort|Disneyland]] and [[wikipedia:Walt Disney World Resort| Walt Disney World Resort]]s and in the [[wikipedia:Mall of America| Mall of America]] in [[wikipedia:Bloomington, Minnesota| Bloomington, Minnesota]]. As of year end 2005, there are 25 Lego Brand Retail stores in the USA, a number of stores in Europe, and a franchised Lego store in [[wikipedia:Abu Dhabi| Abu Dhabi]].

Lego has also successfully branched into video games that appeal to a wide age range, with titles like [[wikipedia:Lego Star Wars: The Video Game| Lego Star Wars: The Video Game]], [[wikipedia:Lego Star Wars II: The Original Trilogy| Lego Star Wars II: The Original Trilogy]], ''[[wikipedia:Bionicle Heroes| Bionicle Heroes]]'' as well as the [[wikipedia:Lego Star Wars: The Complete Saga| Lego Star Wars: The Complete Saga]] and [[wikipedia:Lego Indiana Jones: The Original Adventures|Lego Indiana Jones]], a [[wikipedia:Lego Batman: The Video Game|Lego Batman]], and the upcoming [[wikipedia:Lego Universe| Lego Universe]] [[wikipedia:MMOG| MMOG]].
[[wikipedia:Lego Digital Designer| Lego Digital Designer]] is an official piece of Lego software for [[wikipedia:Microsoft Windows|Windows]] and [[wikipedia:Mac OS X| Mac OS X]] which allows users to build with Lego bricks on their computers. Users can then publish their creations online on the [[wikipedia:Lego Factory| Lego Factory]] website, or purchase the physical bricks to build them. Lego Digital Designer includes some Lego products which only exist online, including models for the children's television programmes [[wikipedia:TUGS| TUGS]], [[wikipedia:Thomas and Friends| Thomas and Friends]] and [[wikipedia:Speed Racer| Speed Racer]].

On January 28, 2008, Lego celebrated the 50th anniversary of the patent on its interlocking blocks with a worldwide building contest. Google paid tribute to the anniversary by writing its name on the Google homepage in Lego bricks, along with the Lego figure on one of the letters.<ref name="TIME">"[http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1707379,00.html Lego Legacy Continues to be Built]". TIME magazine. Retrieved on 28 January 2008.</ref>

One of the largest Lego sets ever commercially produced is a minifig-scaled edition of the Star Wars [[Millennium Falcon]]. Designed by Jens Kronvold Fredericksen, it was released in 2007 and has over 5,000 pieces.<ref>Meno, George (2008-06-07). "[http://www.brickjournal.com/news/2008/6/7/interview-with-lego-designer Designing General Grievous]". brickjournal.com. Retrieved on 2008-09-06.</ref> It was recently surpassed by a Lego model of the [[wikipedia:Taj Mahal| Taj Mahal]] which consists of nearly six thousand pieces.

== In art ==
[[Image:Magic Kingdom Nessy.jpg|right|thumbnail|200px|The [[wikipedia:Walt Disney World Resort| Walt Disney World Resort]] features a sculpture of Brickley the Lego Sea Serpent made of Lego bricks.]]

One hobby among enthusiasts is to make short movies or recreations of feature films using Lego bricks. Such movies are called "Lego movies", "[[wikipedia:Brickfilm| Brickfilm]]s", "Legomations", "Brick Flicks" and "cinema Lego". They usually use [[wikipedia:stop motion| stop motion]] animation.

Lego used to sell a line of sets named "Lego Studios" (now discontinued), which contains a Lego [[wikipedia:web cam| web cam]] (repackaged Logitech USB Quickcam Web), software to record video on a computer, black plastic rods which can be used to manipulate minifigures from off-camera and a minifigure resembling [[wikipedia:Steven Spielberg| Steven Spielberg]]. Because of the low quality of the camera and software most Brickfilmers do not use it.

Another notable example is the award-winning [[wikipedia:music video| music video]] for the song "[[wikipedia:Fell in Love with a Girl| Fell in Love with a Girl]]" by the [[wikipedia:White Stripes| White Stripes]]. Director [[wikipedia:Michel Gondry| Michel Gondry]] filmed a live version of the video, [[wikipedia:digitizing|digitized]] the result and then recreated it entirely with Lego bricks.

Artists have also used Lego sets with one of the more notorious examples being Polish artist [[wikipedia:Zbigniew Libera| Zbigniew Libera]]'s "[http://users.erols.com/kennrice/lego-kz.htm Lego Concentration Camp]", a collection of mock Lego sets with a [[wikipedia:concentration camp| concentration camp]] theme.

[[wikipedia:The Little Artists| The Little Artists]] have created an entire [[wikipedia:Modern art|Modern Art]] collection in a Lego Gallery. '[http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/walker/exhibitions/littleartists/ Art Craziest Nation]' was shown at the [[wikipedia:Walker Art Gallery| Walker Art Gallery]] in [[wikipedia:Liverpool| Liverpool]], UK. Such ambitious projects are sometimes called ‘Lego art’ or ‘brick art’.

Several [[wikipedia:webcomic| webcomic]]s are illustrated with Lego, notably Legostar Galactica and ''[[wikipedia:Irregular Webcomic| Irregular Webcomic!]]''. [[wikipedia:Brendan Powell Smith| Brendan Powell Smith]] has created an illustrated [[wikipedia:bible| bible]] using Lego bricks, called the [[wikipedia:Brick Testament| Brick Testament]]. [[wikipedia:Nathan Sawaya| Nathan Sawaya]] is a professional Lego artist who currently has a museum show of Lego sculptures and Mosaics touring the US. [[wikipedia:Jason Burik| Jason Burik]] is also an artist who provides Lego art to the world.

== Serious Play ==
Since around 2000, the Lego Group has been promoting Lego Serious Play, a form of business consultancy fostering creative thinking, in which team members build metaphors of their organizational identities and experiences using Lego bricks. Participants work through imaginary scenarios using visual three-dimensional Lego constructions, imaginatively exploring possibilities in a serious form of play.

== See also ==
* [[wikipedia:LUGNET| LUGNET]], Lego Users Group Network.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* Bagnall, Brian. "Maximum LEGO® NXT: Building Robots with Java Brains". Variant Press. 2007. ISBN 0-9738649-1-5
* Bagnall, Brian. "Core LEGO® Mindstorms". Prentice-Hall PTR. 2002. ISBN 0-13-009364-5
* Bedford, Allan. ''The Unofficial LEGO® Builder's Guide''. San Francisco: No Starch Press, 2005. ISBN 1-59327-054-2.
* Clague, Kevin, Miguel Agullo, and Lars C. Hassing. ''LEGO® Software Power Tools, With LDraw, MLCad, and LPub''. 2003. ISBN 1-931836-76-0
* Courtney, Tim, Ahui Herrera and Steve Bliss. ''Virtual LEGO®: The Official LDraw.org Guide to LDraw Tools for Windows''. San Francisco: No Starch Press, 2003. ISBN 1-886411-94-8.
* McKee, Jacob H. ''Getting Started with LEGO® Trains''. San Francisco: No Starch Press, 2003. ISBN 1-59327-006-2.
* Ferrari, Mario, Giulio Ferrari, and Ralph Hempel. ''Building Robots With LEGO® Mindstorms: The Ultimate Tool for Mindstorms Maniacs''. 2001. ISBN 1-928994-67-9.
* Kristiansen, Kjeld Kirk, foreword. ''The Ultimate LEGO® Book''. New York: DK Publishing Book, 1999. ISBN 0-7894-4691-X.
* Wiencek, Henry. ''The World of LEGO® Toys''. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc., Publishers, 1987. ISBN 0-8109-2362-9.
* Pilegaard, Ulrik, and Dooley, Mike. "Forbidden LEGO®". San Francisco: No Starch Press, 2007. ISBN 1-59327-137-9

== External links ==
;Official
* '''[http://www.lego.com Lego Official Website]'''

;Community
*[http://www.lugnet.com LUGNET] - Lego users group network.
*[http://www.brickshelf.com Brickshelf] - Website to host pictures of Lego creations.
*[http://www.mocpages.com MOCpages] - Display and rate Lego creations.
*[http://www.eurobricks.com EUROBRICKS] - European Lego fansite discussion board.
*[http://www.brickshow.com The Brick Show] - Video LEGO reviews and news.

;Database and Reference
*[http://wiki-brick-links.wikispaces.com Wiki-Brick-Links] Open directory of links to Lego web sites
*[http://www.peeron.com Peeron] Lego Set and Part Inventory Database, also hosts the Instruction Scan Library.
*[http://www.brickset.com Brickset] Guide to Lego sets past and present.

[[Category:Danish brands]]
[[Category:LEGO| ]]
[[Category:Danish design]]
[[Category:Construction toys]]
[[Category:1949 introductions]]

K'NEX

2008-10-08T22:59:14Z

Summary: [[K'NEX]] moved to [[K NEX]]: buy/sell link

[[Image:K'Nex Bridge.jpeg|right|thumb|250px|A bridge made from K'NEX.]]

'''K'NEX''' is a brand name of a [[construction toy]] system invented by Joel Glickman, designed and produced by [[wikipedia:K'NEX Industries, Inc.|K'NEX Industries, Inc.]] of [[wikipedia:Hatfield, Pennsylvania| Hatfield, Pennsylvania]], USA. Currently Michael Araten is the president of the organization. The name is, presumably, a phonetic variation of ''connects'', and is pronounced the same way. The toys building system consists of interconnecting plastic rods and connectors, which can connect together to form all kinds of contraptions. K'NEX is a construction toy, and therefore in the same genre as [[LEGO]] and [[Meccano]].

==History==
===Early Years===
The concept behind K'NEX was originally conceived by Joel Glickman. While he was at a party, he started thinking of what he could do with his straw, if he could connect it with other straws. He and his brother Bob Glickman discussed the idea and started the K'NEX company.<ref>''K'NEX Book of 120+ Building Ideas'' (2001) inside cover.</ref> The original building system kept very closely to the idea that Joel Glickman had: The K'NEX building system was simply Rods and Connectors which could be easily attached together to make different things. Other parts such as wheels and pulleys were also included to allow more flexibility in construction. The first K'NEX Box was launched in the U.S. market in 1993. Original models with moving parts would have a [[wikipedia:handcrank| handcrank]] to make things move. But soon gears and motors allowed models to move on their own.<ref>[http://www.knex.com/info/history.php History of K'NEX]</ref>

===Today===
Until 2001, K'NEX did not make sets containing brand constructions (as LEGO had with [[wikipedia:Harry Potter| Harry Potter]], [[wikipedia:Star Wars| Star Wars]], etc.), but often based its sets around popular fads (such as [[wikipedia:mech| mech]] warriors and [[wikipedia:RC| RC]] cars). In 2001, K'NEX broke from this trend and introduced a line of toys using the [[wikipedia:BattleTech| BattleTech]]/[[wikipedia:MechWarrior| MechWarrior]] <ref>[http://www.knex.com/info/news.php?view=mechwarrior K'NEX signs MechWarrior Toy License]</ref> label, and later launched the OCC (Orange County Chopper)<ref>[http://www.knex.com/News_and_Events/Press_Releases.php?view=occ_news K'NEX | About K'NEX | News | Occ News]</ref> line of toys in 2006 and a line of [[wikipedia:Sesame Street| Sesame Street]]<ref>[http://knex.com/News_and_Events/Press_Releases.php?view=n076 K'NEX | About K'NEX | News | Sesame]</ref> building sets in 2008.

==K'NEX Pieces==
''For a more complete listing of pieces, see Main Article: [[wikipedia:K'NEX Pieces| K'NEX Pieces]].''

===Basic Pieces===
The basic K'NEX pieces used to make models are Rods and Connectors. When both of these are used together, they can create a wide variety of 3D objects and contraptions. All K'NEX Connectors and Rods are color coded.

*'''K'NEX Rods''' come in a range of lengths, each length being a distinct color. When the additional length of connections is taken into account, the ratio between successive lengths of rods is 1/√2. This makes the construction of [[wikipedia:right-angle| right-angle]] [[wikipedia:isosceles| isosceles]] [[wikipedia:triangle| triangle]]s simple, and these triangles provide the structural strength in models. Most types of K'NEX rods are only very slightly flexible, but there are extra rigid and very flexible versions of some of the longer rods.

*'''K'NEX Connectors''' also come in a range of types, each having a different amount of slots. They can link the rods together in different ways. The ''first'' and most common way is to insert the end of a rod into a slot on the connector, where it snaps firmly into place. Rods connect at angles which are multiples of 45 degrees. The ''second'' method is to snap the rod into one of the connector slots perpendicular to first method. The rods cannot rotate and will not move without deliberate force. The ''third'' way is to slip the rod through a round hole in the connector. The rod can slide and rotate freely while in hole.

===Other Pieces===
There are many other [[wikipedia:K'NEX Pieces|K'NEX pieces]], such as Wheels, Pulleys, Panels, and "Flexi-Rods" to name a few. These give greater variety to what can be realized when being creative with K'NEX. There are various Motors that can make the models move. New K'NEX bricks were added into the K'NEX matrix last year as part of K'NEX's 15th Anniversary celebration.

==Display Models and Exhibits==

[[Image:colossus4.jpg|right|thumb|Colossus was a former record holder for tallest K'NEX roller coaster. Not only was it the tallest, but it was also the fastest, reaching speeds of up to 65 MPH. However, it is still the tallest ''free-standing'' coaster.]]
K'NEX has toured the country with exhibitions which have large displays of K'NEX. Many of these models are ones that sell or have sold, but there are many unique professionally made K'NEX models. These can can be quite large and built from tens of thousands of pieces. For example an 8 foot model of the [[wikipedia:United States Capitol| United States Capitol]] building took 514,000 pieces to build, and is the biggest K'NEX model ever made.<ref>[http://www.knex.com/info/commonquestions.php?view=fun Picture and description of U.S. Capitol model]</ref> Unlike [[Lego]] bricks which can come in any color, K'NEX pieces are [[wikipedia:color-coded| color-coded]] and therefore come in certain colors based on their shape. This fact presents a challenge when to make a model a specific color.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.knex.com/ Official K'NEX website]
*[http://www.aussam.tk Worlds Tallest K'NEX Roller Coaster]
*[http://www.knexinnovation.net/ K'NEX Instructions]
*[http://knexcomputer.blogspot.com/2007/03/knex-calculator.html Calculator made from K'NEX]

[[Category:Construction toys]]
[[Category:Toy companies]]

Jovo

2008-10-08T22:53:18Z

Summary:

[[Image:JovoPiecesInBins.jpg|thumb|300px|right|JOVO Pieces in Bins]]
'''JOVO Click 'N Construct''' is a brand name of [[toy]] constructions system invented by Josef Volgger and produced by JOVO International of [[wikipedia:Helsinge| Helsinge]], [[wikipedia:Denmark| Denmark]]. The toy consists of equilateral triangle, square and regular pentagon plastic pieces that click together on their edges, and the edges then act as hinges to allow them to be folded up into three dimensional shapes. The pieces were designed to model regular-faced polyhedra, such as the [[wikipedia:Platonic solid| Platonic solid]]s, [[wikipedia:Archimedean solid| Archimedean solid]]s, and [[wikipedia:Johnson solid| Johnson solid]]s; but they are also used for creative or artistic shapes, and are good for exploring [[wikipedia:Tilings of regular polygons|tilings of the plane]].

While JOVO hasn't enjoyed the peak popularity of [[Zaks]], JOVO has outlasted its sister building set.
The two are mildy related to [[Zome]] and [[Geomag]] construction toys, except that they focus on the faces of the polyhedra instead of the edges. JOVO pieces come in six different colors, so that color patterns can be used to explore symmetry in the models.

==External links==
*[http://www.JovoToys.com/''JovoToys.com''] - This site demonstrates many uses for the Jovo pieces, to give inspiration to people that are just getting started. It also has lesson plans to help educators use these in classroom settings for all age levels. There is also information on how to purchase Jovo pieces.
*[http://www.jovo.com/''Jovo.com''] - This site is for the manufacturer of the pieces in Denmark.

[[Category:Construction toys]]
[[Category:Educational toys]]
[[Category:Toy companies]]
[[Category:Companies of Denmark]]
[[Category:Danish brands]]

Construx

2008-10-08T22:51:09Z

Summary:

[[Image:535521231 8b3bdfdf84 b.jpg|400px|thumb|right|Construx]]
'''Construx''' was a brand of plastic building toys introduced by [[Fisher-Price]] in [[wikipedia:1983| 1983]]. Unlike other building toys such as [[Lego]], Construx featured beam-like pieces of varying lengths that snapped on to cubical connector knots in order to build large shapes. These were relatively secure even though no nuts or bolts were used. Panels allowed assembly of flat surfaces. Hinges, motors, wheels, and other movable parts expanded the number of different shapes that could be built, and made moving creations possible. Construx was discontinued in [[wikipedia:1988| 1988]], briefly revived by [[Mattel]] in [[wikipedia:1997| 1997]], and then discontinued again.

The parts included:
*Blue connector knots, all six sides of which can snap on to beams or other pieces. In the Alien series sets, these knots were gray instead of blue. In addition, specialty sets such as military-themed sets, had olive drab knots to go with the dark green connector beams.
*Beams, the other staple part, having lengths of 1, 2, and 4. Notched at each end to accept a "knot" piece, they have a hollow bottom, which is the direction from which knots snap in and out. Originally gray, the Space and Alien series added white and black beams respectively. Military series sets had beams and knots in camouflage green.
*Hinge knots, black in color. Similar to blue connector knots, they have 4 connections, three rigidly connected together, and the fourth, on the other side of the hinge, movable through 180 degrees.
*Spinner knots, orange in color. They have 5 regular points, and 1 special knot acceptor that clicks onto another knot allowing the two pieces to rotate freely with respect to each other. The offset on this connector is a unique distance, limiting the versatility of this piece.
*Orange knots. 5 points again, but with a flat and a small hole on one side. This is meant to hold onto a string for a crane set. You pass a shoelace through the small hole, and double it back through the opposite face of the knot.
*Angle knots, 4 points, made of green plastic, each of the four sides consisted of a point, in the shape of an elongated diamond. They were found in Space kits.
*Diagonal clips, flat straps of blue plastic with end hooks to grab a knot. They are long enough to reach two down/two across. They're the right size to reinforce a corner. They are free to swing from a knot, and can add movement.
*[[wikipedia:Axle| Axle]]s, which could slip through the holes in connector knots, and the hollow of beams. [[wikipedia:Pulley| Pulley]]s can hang off them.
*Bent Bars. These were either 2 down/2 across, or 2 down/4 across. The long ones come in left and right versions.
*[[wikipedia:Canopy| Canopy]]. Available in short and long. They were usually attached to two Bent Bars to form a cockpit. A nice piece for show and imagination, but not structurally significant.
*Panels. Available in 1x2, 2x2, 2x4, and matches for the canopy pieces. Available in blue, space-green, and camo colors. These are usually not structural, but you can use them to keep bars from backing out of their knots by pointing the bar's slot side away from the panel, and attach.
*Wheels and pulleys, [[wikipedia:crane hook| crane hook]]s, [[wikipedia:winch| winch]]es, seats, men, engine panels, turntables, and more.

For a short time near the end of the Fisher Price run, a version targeted at younger children was released called Basix Construx. It used bright primary colors and did not contain the more complex pieces such as axles and pulleys. This version as well as the other boxes released in the 1997 revival included several new pieces.

*Bent Bars of 1 down/1 across, in smooth curves or 45 degree angles.
*A curved 1x1x1 3D panel, meant to be used with three small bent bars. Not available in Basix.
*Huge panels of 4x8 that instead of just snapping into place actually connect to knots at intervals of 2. Only in Basix.
*Short Beams (1 long) with connector points on two sides, effectively enabling 1/2 connections.
*Four way connector knots, with a hole in the center.

==External links==
*[http://www.thisoldtoy.com/fisher-price/dept-7-playsets/f-construx/a-construx-index.html Construx at ''This Old Toy'']
*[http://construxion.tripod.com ''Construxion.tripod.com'']
*[http://www.splitreflection.com/const.html Various things built with Construx]
[[Category:Construction toys]]

Toy block

2008-10-08T22:48:01Z

Summary:

[[Image:Toyblocks.JPG|thumb|400px|A set of blocks]]
'''Toy blocks''' (also '''building bricks''', or simply '''blocks'''), are [[wikipedia:wooden| wooden]], [[wikipedia:plastic| plastic]] or [[wikipedia:foam| foam]] pieces of various shapes ([[wikipedia:square (geometry)|square]], [[wikipedia:cylinder (geometry)|cylinder]], [[wikipedia:arch| arch]], [[wikipedia:triangle| triangle]], etc.) and [[wikipedia:color| color]]s that are used as building [[toy]]s. Sometimes toy blocks depict [[wikipedia:Alphabet|letters of the alphabet]].

==History==
'''1693''': Alphabet Nursery Blocks were originally developed in 17th century England. The philosopher [[wikipedia:John Locke| John Locke]], in 1693, made the statement that "dice and playthings, with letters on them to teach children the alphabet by playing" would make learning to read a more enjoyable experience.<ref>"[http://www.nuttybug.com/index.asp?PageAction=VIEWPROD&ProdID=988 The History of Alphabet Blocks]". Nuttybug. Retrieved on 2008-02-14.</ref>

'''1798''': [[wikipedia:Witold Rybczynski| Witold Rybczynski]] has found that the earliest mention of building bricks for children appears in [[wikipedia:Maria Edgeworth|Maria]] and [[wikipedia:Richard Lovell Edgeworth|R.L. Edgeworth's]] ''Practical Education'' ([[wikipedia:1798| 1798]]). Called "rational toys," blocks were intended to teach children about [[wikipedia:gravity| gravity]] and [[wikipedia:physics| physics]], as well as spatial relationships that allow them to see how many different parts become a whole.<ref>[[wikipedia:Witold Rybczynski| Witold Rybczynski]], ''[[wikipedia:Looking Around: A Journey Through Architecture| Looking Around: A Journey Through Architecture]]'', 2006</ref>

'''1820''': The first large-scale production of blocks was in the Williamsburg area of Brooklyn by S. L. Hill, who patented "ornamenting wood" a patent related to painting or coloring a block surface prior to the embossing process and then adding another color after the embossing to have multi-colored blocks. <ref>"[http://www.nuttybug.com/index.asp?PageAction=VIEWPROD&ProdID=988 The History of Alphabet Blocks]". Nuttybug. Retrieved on 2008-02-14.</ref>

'''1850''': During the mid-nineteenth century, [[wikipedia:Henry Cole| Henry Cole]] (under the [[wikipedia:pseudonym| pseudonym]] of Felix Summerly) wrote a series of [[wikipedia:children’s books| children’s books]]. Cole's ''A book of stories from The Home Treasury'' included a box of [[wikipedia:terracotta| terracotta]] toy blocks and, in the accompanying [[wikipedia:pamphlet| pamphlet]] "Architectural Pastime.", actual blueprints.

'''2003''': [[wikipedia:National Toy Hall of Fame| National Toy Hall of Fame]] at the Strong Museum, inducted ABC blocks into their collection, granting it the title of one of America's toys of national significance.<ref>"[http://www.nuttybug.com/index.asp?PageAction=VIEWPROD&ProdID=988 The History of Alphabet Blocks]". Nuttybug. Retrieved on 2008-02-14.</ref>

==Educational benefits==
*''Physical benefits'': toy blocks build strength in a child’s fingers and hands, and improve eye-hand coordination. They also help educate children in different shapes.

*''Social benefits'': block play encourages children to make [[wikipedia:Friendship|friends]] and cooperate, and is often one of the first experiences a child has playing with others. Blocks are a benifit for the children because they incourage interaction and imagination. Creativity can be a combined action that is important for social play.

*''Intellectual benefits'': children can potentially develop their [[wikipedia:Vocabulary|vocabularies]] as they learn to describe sizes, shapes, and positions. [[wikipedia:Mathematics|Math skills]] are developed through the process of grouping, adding, and subtracting, particularly with standardized blocks, such as [[wikipedia:unit block| unit block]]s. Experiences with [[wikipedia:gravity| gravity]], [[wikipedia:Balance (ability)|balance]], and [[wikipedia:geometry| geometry]] learned from toy blocks also provide intellectual stimulation.

*''Creative benefits'': children receive creative stimulation by making their own designs with blocks.

==In popular culture==

[[wikipedia:Art Clokey| Art Clokey]], the creator of [[wikipedia:Gumby| Gumby]], has stated that Gumby's nemeses, the [[wikipedia:Block-heads (Gumby)|Block-heads]], evolved from the blocks that appeared in the toy store that originally provided the setting for the [[wikipedia:stop-motion| stop-motion]] series.<ref>[http://www.gumbyworld.com/memorylane/histblkhd.htm gumbyworld.com]</ref>

==References==
<references/>
*[http://www.barclaywoods.com/ Barclay Woods]
*[http://www.woodentoy.com/html/BlocksGoodToy.html Block play: Building a child's mind], the [[wikipedia:National Association for the Education of Young Children| National Association for the Education of Young Children]]

==See also==
*[[Unit block]], a popular standardized wooden toy block
*[[Kapla]], a wooden block construction toy
*[[LEGO]], a line of popular plastic building toys
*[[Lincoln Logs]], a toy consisting of notched miniature logs
*[[Stickle bricks]], a plastic construction toy primarily intended for toddlers
*[[Froebel Gifts]], a range of educational materials first used in the original Kindergarten
*[[Tinkertoys]], rods and wheels.

[[Category:Construction toys]]
[[Category:Educational toys]]
[[Category:Toys]]

Toy soldier

2008-10-08T22:21:01Z

Summary:

[[Image:2995871797 de1552a56e b.jpg|thumb|right|350px|Toy Soldier]]
A '''toy soldier''' is a miniature [[figurine]] that represents a [[wikipedia:soldier| soldier]]. The term applies to depictions of uniformed [[wikipedia:military| military]] personnel from all eras, and includes [[wikipedia:knight| knight]]s, [[wikipedia:cowboy| cowboy]]s, [[wikipedia:pirate| pirate]]s, and other subjects that involve [[wikipedia:combat| combat]]-related themes. Toy soldiers vary from simple [[toy|playthings]] to highly realistic and detailed [[scale model|models]]. The latter are of more recent development and are sometimes called [[model figures]] to distinguish them from traditional toy soldiers. Larger scale toys such as [[doll]]s and [[action figure]]s may come in military uniforms, but they are not generally considered toy soldiers.

Toy soldiers are made from all types of material, but the most common [[wikipedia:mass production|mass produced]] varieties are [[wikipedia:metal| metal]] and [[wikipedia:plastic| plastic]]. There are many different kinds of toy soldiers, including [[tin soldier]]s or flats, [[wikipedia:hollow casting|hollow cast]] metal figures, [[wikipedia:composite material|composition]] figures, and [[army men|plastic army men]]. Toy soldiers are traditionally sold in sets, but modern, collectible figures are often sold individually.

==Scale==
[[Scale model|Scale]] for toy soldiers is expressed as the soldier's approximate height from head to foot in millimeters. Because many figures do not stand up straight, height is usually an approximation. Standard toy soldier scale, originally adopted by [[Britains Limited|W. Britain]], is 54 mm (2.25 inches) or 1:32 scale. Among different manufacturers, standard scale may range from 50 mm or 1:35 scale, to 60 mm or 1:28 scale. For [[Miniature figure|gamers]] and miniatures enthusiasts, 25 mm and even smaller scales are available. On the larger end of the scale are American Dimestore figures, and many of the toy soldiers produced in Germany, which are approximately 75 mm (3 inches) or 1:24 scale.

==History==
[[Image:Toy_Soldiers_British_Coldstream.jpg|thumb|right|350px|54mm Toy Soldiers by Imperial Productions of New Zealand]]
Military figures have been found in ancient [[wikipedia:ancient egypt|Egyptian]] tombs, and have appeared in many cultures and eras. [[Tin soldier]]s were produced in Germany as early as the 1730s, by molding the metal between two pieces of slate. Toy soldiers became widespread during the 18th century, inspired by the military exploits of [[wikipedia:Frederick the Great| Frederick the Great]]. In 1893, [[wikipedia:W. Britain|William Britain]] revolutionized the production of toy soldiers by devising the method of [[wikipedia:hollow casting| hollow casting]], making soldiers that were cheaper and lighter than their German counterparts.<ref>[http://www.hants.gov.uk/museum/toys/history/toy_soldiers.html Hampshire Museums Service] Retrieved on August 25th, 2008.</ref>

In addition to [[wikipedia:W. Britain|Britains]], there have been many other manufacturers of toy soldiers over the years. For example, [[wikipedia:John Hill & Company| John Hill & Company]] produced hollow cast lead figures in the same style and scale. Companies such as [[wikipedia:Elastolin| Elastolin]] and Lineol were well known for their [[wikipedia:composite material|composite]] figures made of glue and sawdust that included both military and civilian subjects. After 1950, rising production costs and concerns about [[wikipedia:lead poisoning| lead poisoning]] led to greater numbers of [[wikipedia:plastic| plastic]] toy soldiers.<ref>[http://www.thortrains.net/armymen/armymen3.htm Army Men Home Page] Retrieved on August 25th, 2008.</ref> The first American plastic soldiers were made by Beton as early as 1937.

[[Image:HeraldTrojan.JPG|thumb|left|250px|Vintage plastic Trojan War figure by Herald]]
One large historical producer in plastic was [[wikipedia:Louis Marx and Company| Louis Marx and Company]], which produced both realistic soldiers of great detail and also historical collections of plastic men and women, including the "Presidents of the United States" collection, "Warriors of the World", "Generals of World War II", "Jesus and the Apostles", and figures from the Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II. Marx also produced boxed [[wikipedia:playset| playset]]s that featured many famous battles with armies of two sides, character figures, and terrain features. Britains produced plastic figures under the brand names of Herald and Deetail. Also in England, the scale model company, [[wikipedia:Airfix| Airfix]] produced a variety of high quality plastic sets, which were frequently painted by hobbyists. Many Airfix figures were imitated by other companies and reproduced as inexpensive, bagged plastic [[wikipedia:army men| army men]].

During the 1990s, the production of metal toy-grade painted figures and connoisseur-grade painted toy soldiers increased to serve the demands of the collectors' market. The style of many of these figures shifted from the traditional gloss-coat [[wikipedia:enamel paint| enamel paint]] to the matte-finished [[wikipedia:acrylic paint| acrylic paint]], which allows for greater detail and historical accuracy. The change was largely inspired by the introduction of very high quality painted figures from [[wikipedia:St. Petersburg, Russia| St. Petersburg, Russia]].

==Collecting==
There is a substantial [[wikipedia:hobby| hobby]] devoted to [[wikipedia:collecting| collecting]] both old and new toy soldiers, with an abundance of small manufacturers, dealers, and toy soldier shows. There are even specialty magazines devoted to the hobby, such as ''Toy Soldier and Model Figure''. Collectors often specialize in a particular type of soldier or historical period, though some people enjoy collecting many different kinds of figures. The most popular historical periods for collecting are [[wikipedia:Napoleonic wars|Napoleonic]], [[wikipedia:Victorian era|Victorian]], [[wikipedia:American Civil War| American Civil War]], [[wikipedia:World War I| World War I]], and [[wikipedia:World War II| World War II]]. Many collectors modify and paint plastic figures, and some even cast and paint their own metal figures.

Actor [[wikipedia:Douglas Fairbanks Jr| Douglas Fairbanks Jr]] had a collection of 3000 toy soldiers when he sold it in 1977. Fantasy novelist [[wikipedia:George R. R. Martin| George R. R. Martin]] has a substantial collection of toy knights and castles.<ref>[http://www.georgerrmartin.com/knights/index.html G. R. R. Martin's Home Page] Retrieved on August 25th, 2008.</ref> The most extensive collection of toy soldiers was probably that of [[wikipedia:Malcolm Forbes| Malcolm Forbes]], who began collecting toy soldiers in the late 1960s and amassed a collection of over 90,000 figures by the time of his death in 1990.

Some of the more noteworthy, annual toy soldier and historical figure shows include the London Toy Soldier Show in the United Kingdom, the [[wikipedia:Chicago Toy Soldier Show| Chicago Toy Soldier Show]] (OTSN) in Illinois, the East Coast Toy Soldier Show in New Jersey, the West Coaster Toy Soldier Show in California, the Sammlerbörse (Figure Show) Friedberg in Germany and the Zinnfigurenbörse Kulmbach (Tin Figure Show) in Germany.

In recent years, collectors of vintage toy soldiers made of [[wikipedia:polythene| polythene]] PE and [[wikipedia:polypropylene| polypropylene]] PP thermoplastics as well as [[wikipedia:Polycarbonate|PC]]/[[wikipedia:Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene|ABS]] plastic blends have reported brittling and disintegration of collectible miniatures or components thereof.<ref>[http://www.miniatures.de/int/plastic-corrosion.html Plastic Corrosion of Collectible Miniatures] Retrieved on August 25th, 2008.</ref>

==Varieties==
[[Image:Civwar1.JPG|thumb|right|350px|Painted and unpainted plastic figures by Accurate]]
Different types and styles of toy soldiers have been produced over the years, depending on the cost and availability of materials, as well as manufacturing technologies. Here is a list of some of the most commonly collected varieties of toy soldiers.<ref>[http://home.freeuk.net/toysoldier/ Collecting Toy Soldiers] Retrieved on August 25th, 2008.</ref>
*Aluminum - slush cast aluminium, made chiefly in France during the early and middle 20th Century
*[[wikipedia:Army men| Army men]] - unpainted, soft plastic toy soldiers sold inexpensively in bags or with terrain pieces and vehicles in boxed [[playset]]s
*Composition - made from a mixture of sawdust and glue, manufactured in Austria and Germany
*Connoisseur - high quality, collectible figures featuring highly detailed paint jobs
*Dimestore - hollow or slush cast iron, sold through [[wikipedia:five and dime| five and dime]] stores from the 1920s to 1960 in the United States
*Flat - thin, two dimensional [[tin soldier]]s cast from in slate molds
*[[wikipedia:Hollow casting|Hollow cast]] - cast in metal, usually a lead alloy, which cools and sets as it touches the mold; the excess molten metal is poured out leaving a hollow figure
*Paper - printed on sheets of paper or cardboard, frequently mounted on blocks of wood
*Plastic - hard and soft plastic, generally painted figures
*Solid - cast in solid metal, usually lead, common in Germany during the 19th and early 20th Century

Prominent vintage toy soldier makers include [[Airfix]], Barclay, [[W. Britain|Britains]], Herald, [[Elastolin]], [[Johillco]], Lineol, [[Louis Marx and Company|Marx]], Manoil, and Timpo.

==Gaming==
The playing of games with toy figures was popularized by [[wikipedia:H.G. Wells| H.G. Wells]] in his 1913 book, ''[[wikipedia:Little Wars| Little Wars]]''. Wells, a pacifist, was the first to publish detailed rules for playing war games with toy soldiers. He suggested that this could provide a [[wikipedia:catharsis|cathartic]] experience, possibly preventing future real wars. Although this was not to be, ''Little Wars'' was a predecessor to the modern hobby of [[wikipedia:Miniature wargaming|miniatures wargaming]].

A similar book titled ''Shambattle: How to Play with Toy Soldiers'' was published by Harry Dowdall and Joseph Gleason in 1929.

Although people continue to play wargames with miniature figures, most contemporary wargamers use a smaller scale than that favored by collectors, typically under 25 mm.

==See also==
*[[Army men]]
*[[Miniature wargaming]]
*[[Model figure]]
*[[Tin soldier]]
*[[W. Britain]]

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
*[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0CE1D71439F936A15754C0A964948260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=1 Antiques View] - ''New York Times'' article
*[http://www.cigaraficionado.com/Cigar/CA_Features/CA_Feature_Basic_Template/0,2344,525,00.html Cigar Aficionado] - article on collecting
*[http://www.toysoldier.freeuk.com/ Collecting Toy Soldiers] - private collectors personal website
*[http://www.toysoldiershow.com/ Chicago Toy Soldier Show] - largest annual show in the United States
*[http://www.treefrogtreasures.com/forum Toy Soldier Forum] - toy soldier and military miniatures collectors' forum
*[http://www.nirya.be/snv/shambattle/ Shambattle] - simple wargaming rules for toy soldiers
*[http://www.toy-soldier-gallery.com/ Toy Soldier Gallery] - collector's website
*[http://www.canadatoysoldiersclub.com/ Canada Toy Soldiers Club] - online club for toy soldier collectors
*[http://home.att.net/~1.elliott/comicbooktoysoldiersintro.html Plastic flats] and their ads in [[wikicomics:American comic book| American comic book]]s
*[http://wmhocker.com/index.php?s=resource Wm Hocker Toy Soldier Resources] - list of toy soldier resources
*[http://www.toy-soldiers.org The Toy Soldier Wiki] - closed wiki for toy soldiers that are no longer produced.

[[Category:Toys]]
[[Category:Scale modeling]]
[[Category:Militaria]]

Scale Model

2008-10-08T21:37:52Z

Summary: Copied from Wikipedia under GNU Free Documentation License

[[Image:Scale_Model_Of_The_Tower_Of.jpg|right|thumb|300px|A scale model of the [[wikipedia:Tower of London| Tower of London]]. It can be found inside the tower.]]
[[Image:ScaleCarComparison.jpg|thumb|right|300px|L to R with 12 inch ruler at bottom: 1:64 [[Matchbox]] [[wikipedia:Chevrolet Tahoe| Chevrolet Tahoe]], 1:43 [[wikipedia:Ford| Ford]] F-100, 1:25 Revell Monogram 1999 Ford Mustang Cobra, 1:18 [[wikipedia:Bburago| Bburago]] 1987 [[wikipedia:Ferrari F40| Ferrari F40]]]]
[[Image:Modeltown2006.JPG|thumb|right|300px|Model ships and castle]]
A '''scale model''' is a representation or copy of an object that is larger or smaller than the actual size of the object . Very often the scale model is smaller than the original and used as a guide to making the object in full size. Scale models are built or collected for many reasons.

Professional modelmakers often create models for the below professions:
*For engineers who require scale models to test the likely performance of a particular design at an early stage of development without incurring the full expense of a full-sized prototype.
*For architects who require architectural models to evaluate and sell the look of a new construction before it is built.
*For filmmakers who require scale models of objects or sets that cannot be built in full size.
*For salesmen who require scale models to promote new products such as heavy equipment and automobiles and other vehicles.

Hobbyists or amateur modelmakers make die-cast models, injection molded, model railroads, remote control vehicles, wargaming and fantasy collectibles, model ships and ships in bottles for their own enjoyment.

Scale models can also be objects of art, either being created by artists or being rediscovered and transformed into art by artists.

== Types of scale models ==
Some modelers build and collect models made from a certain medium (wood, plastic, paper, etc). Others build and collect models based on the types of object being modeled.
=== Model aircraft ===
[[Image:Koottava DC3.JPG|thumb|right|300px|[[wikipedia:Douglas DC-3| Douglas DC-3]]-Model aircraft]]
Model aircraft are divided into two main groups: static and flying models.
====Static model aircraft====
Static model aircraft are commonly built using plastic, but wood, metal and paper also make nice models. Models are sold painted and assembled, painted but not assembled (snap-fit) or unpainted and not assembled. The most popular types of aircraft to model are commercial airliners and military aircraft. Fewer manufacturers exist today than in the 1970s, but many of the older kits are occasionally available to purchase. Aircraft can be modeled at many scales. Popular scales are, in order of size, [[wikipedia:1:144 scale|1:144]], [[wikipedia:1:72 scale|1:72]] (the most numerous), [[wikipedia:1:48 scale|1:48]] (sometimes referred to as ''quarter scale'' because a quarter inch represents one foot) [[wikipedia:1:32 scale|1:32]] and [[wikipedia:1:24 scale|1:24]]. Some European models are available at more metric scales such as [[wikipedia:1:50 scale|1:50]]. The highest quality models are made from [[wikipedia:injection molding|injection-molded]] plastic or cast resin. Models made from [[wikipedia:Vacuum forming|Vacuum formed]] plastic are generally for the more skilled builder. More inexpensive models are made from heavy [[wikipedia:Paper plane|paper]] or card stock. Ready-made die-cast metal models are also very popular. As well as the traditional scales, die-cast models are available in 1:200, 1:250, 1:350, 1:400, and 1:600. These scales are usually reserved for civil airliners. Static aircraft scale modeling falls broadly into 3 categories: kit assembly, scratch-building, and collection of ready-made models. Scratch-builders tend to be the top echelon in terms of skill and craftsmanship; they tend to be the most discerning when it comes to accuracy and detail and they spend far more time on far fewer models than a kit assembler. Kit assemblers fall roughly into 2 categories: OOB (Out of Box) and Modified. Out of Box refers to the act of assembling a kit only from what is contained in the box supplied, whereas a Modifier will employ after-market products such as alternative decals, photo-etched metal detail parts, and cast resin detail or conversion parts to enhance or change the model in some way. Collectors are concerned purely with the issue of theme, and are not really interested in personal construction as such. Obviously aircraft modelers will often fall into more than one category as fancy takes them. The overwhelming majority of aircraft modelers concern themselves with depiction of real-life aircraft, but there is a smaller cadre of modelers who derive additional fun by 'bending' history a little by making models of aircraft that either never actually flew or existed, or by painting them in a color scheme that did not actually exist. This is commonly referred to as 'What-if' or 'Alternative' modeling, and the most common theme is 'Luftwaffe 1946' or 'Luftwaffe '46'. This theme stems from idea of modeling German secret projects that never saw the light of day due to the close of World War II. This concept has been extended to include British, Russian, and US experimental projects that never made it into production.

====Flying model aircraft====
Flying models are usually what is meant by the term ''aeromodelling''. Most flying model aircraft can be placed in one of three groups: [[free flight]], [[control line]] and [[Radio-controlled aircraft|radio controlled]]. Some flying models are realistic representation of full-sized aircraft, while others are built with no intention of looking like piloted aircraft. Flying models are often constructed like vintage full-sized aircraft. They can be built from [[wikipedia:Scratch building|scratch]] or from kits. Some kits take many hours to put together and some kits are [[wikipedia:Almost Ready to Fly|almost ready to fly]] or [[wikipedia:Ready To Fly|ready to fly]].

=== Model buildings ===
[[Image:Layoutinsuffolkva.JPG|right|thumb|300px|Model building for an [[wikipedia:HO scale| HO scale]] railroad]]
Most hobbyist who build models of buildings do so as part of a [[wikipedia:diorama| diorama]] to enhance their other models such as a [[model railroading|model railroad]] or model war machines. As a stand-alone hobby, building models are probably most popular among enthusiasts of construction toys such as [[Erector]], [[Lego]] and [[K'nex]]. Famous landmarks such as the Empire State Building, Big Ben and the White House are common subjects. Standard scales have not emerged in this hobby. Model railroaders use railroad scales for their buildings: [[HO scale]] (1:87), [[N scale]] (1:160), and [[O scale]] (1:43). Lego builders use [[Legoland|miniland]] scale (1:20) and [[wikipedia:Minifigure|minifig]] scale (1:48) and micro scale (1:192)<ref>In the Lego community, micro scale can refer to anything smaller than minifig scale (1:48), but 1:192 is occasionally set as a standard micro scale. This ratio is arrived at by scaling a person (6 ft) to the height of a Lego brick (3/8 inches). See ''The Unofficial Lego Builder's Guide'' by Alan Bedford, No Starch Press, 2005.</ref> Generally, the larger the building, the smaller the scale. Model buildings are made from plastic, foam, balsa wood or paper. [[wikipedia:Card model| Card model]]s are published in the form of a book, and some models are manufactured like 3-D puzzles. Professionally, building models are used by architects and salesmen..

===Architectural Models===
Architecture firms usually employ model makers to make models of projects to sell their designs to builders and investors. These models are traditionally hand-made, but it can also be a computer-generated image. Typical scales are 1:50, 1:100, 1:200, 1:500, etc.

===Dolls' Houses===
Dolls' houses are usually built to a scale of 1:12. Interior and exterior fittings, furniture, wallpaper etc are available in a huge array of styles, from simple toys to hand-crafted artifacts costing as much as full-scale items.

===House Portrait Models===
Typically found in [[wikipedia:1:50 scale|1:50 scale]] and also called '''Model House''', '''Model Home''' or '''Display House'''. This type of model is usually found in stately homes or specially designed houses. Sometimes this kind of model is commissioned to mark a special date like an anniversary or the completion of the architecture, or these models might be used by salesmen selling homes in a new neighborhood.

=== Model buses and trucks===
[[Image:1-64 Scale.jpg|right|thumb|300px|[[1:64 scale]] diecast trucks]]
Typically found in [[1:50 scale]], most manufacturers of commercial vehicles and [[wikipedia:heavy equipment| heavy equipment]] will commission '''scale models''' made of diecast metal as promotional items to be given to prospective customers. These are also popular children's toys and collectibles. The major manufacturers of these items are [[wikipedia:Conrad (company)|Conrad]] and [[wikipedia:NZG| NZG]] in Germany. [[wikipedia:Corgi| Corgi]] also makes some 1:50 models, as well as Dutch maker [[wikipedia:Tekno| Tekno]].

Trucks are also found as diecast models in [[wikipedia:1:43 scale|1:43 scale]] and injection molded kits (and children's toys) in [[wikipedia:1:24 scale| 1:24 scale]].

Recently some manufacturers have appeared in [[wikipedia:1:64 scale| 1:64 scale]] like [[wikipedia:Code 3| Code 3]].

=== Model cars ===
[[Image:1-24 Scale.jpg|right|thumb|300px|[[wikipedia:1:24 scale|1:24 scale]] diecast cars including "promo" models of Dodge Intrepid and Chevy Van]]
Although the British scale for [[wikipedia:0 gauge|0 gauge]] was first used for [[model car]]s comprised of rectilinear and circular parts, it was the origin of the European scale for cast or injection moulded model cars. MOROP's specification of 1:45 scale for European 0 will not alter the series of cars in [[wikipedia:1:43 scale|1:43 scale]], as it has the widest distribution in the world.

In America, a series of cars was developed from at first cast metal and later styrene models ("promos") offered at new-car dealerships to drum up interest. The firm [[wikipedia:Revell|Monogram]], and later [[wikipedia:Tamiya| Tamiya]], first produced them in a scale derived from the Architect's scale: [[wikipedia:1:24 scale|1:24 scale]], while the firms [[wikipedia:Aluminum Metal Toys|AMT]], [[wikipedia:Jo-Han| Jo-Han]], and [[wikipedia:Revell| Revell]] chose the scale of 1:25. Monogram later switched to this scale after the firm was purchased by Revell. Some cars are also made in [[wikipedia:1:32 scale|1:32 scale]], and rolling toys are often made on the scale [[wikipedia:1:64 scale|1:64 scale]]. Chinese die-cast manufacturers have recently introduced 1/72 scale into their range.

[[Model car]]s are also used in [[wikipedia:car design| car design]].

=== Model construction vehicles ===
[[Image:Model construction vehicles 1 50 scale.jpg|thumb|right|150px]]

A [[model construction vehicle]] (or [[wikipedia:engineering vehicle| engineering vehicle]]) is a scale model or [[Die-cast toy]] that represents a construction vehicle such as an excavator, crane, concrete pump, backhoe, etc.

Construction vehicle models are almost always made in [[wikipedia:1:50 scale|1:50 scale]], particularly because the cranes at this scale are often three to four feet tall when extended and larger scales would be unsuited for display on a desk or table. These models are popular as children's toys in [[wikipedia:Germany| Germany]]. In the US they are commonly sold as promotional models for new construction equipment, commissioned by the manufacturer of the prototype real-world equipment. The major manufacturers in Germany are Conrad and NZG, with some competition from Chinese firms that have been entering the market.

=== Model railways ===
[[Image:HO Layout 1.jpg|thumb|right|300px|An [[wikipedia:HO scale| HO scale]] [[model railroad]].]]
[[Image:HO Scale Bachmann 44-tonner.JPG|thumb|right|300px|HO scale locomotive showing size comparison with pencil.]]
[[Image:Virginia Farmlands Rwy 2 SW8 @ Doorstown 6-17-2007.JPG|thumb|right|300px|An [[wikipedia:N scale|N scale]] locomotive.]]
[[Image:Livesteamtrain.jpg|thumb|300 px|A propane fired 1:8 scale [[wikipedia:live steam| live steam]] train running on the [[wikipedia:Finnish Railway Museum| Finnish Railway Museum]]'s miniature track.]]

[[Model train]]s come in a variety of scales, from 1:8 on the large end and 1:220 on the small. Each scale has its own strengths and weaknesses, and fills a different niche in the hobby. The largest models are as much as 3 meters long, the smallest a few centimeters. The most popular size is [[wikipedia:H0 scale| H0 scale]] (1:87) and second is [[wikipedia:N scale|N scale]] (1:160).

Model railways originally used the term "[[wikipedia:Rail gauge|gauge]]", which refers to the distance between the [[wikipedia:Rail tracks|rail]]s, just as full-size [[wikipedia:Rail transport|railways]] do. Although model railways were also built to different gauges, '[[wikipedia:Standard gauge#Standard gauge in Model railways|standard gauge]]' means 2 1/8 in (54 mm) between the inside surfaces of the rails.

Now it is more typical to refer to the scale of the model, and the term [[wikipedia:Scale (ratio)|scale]] has replaced "gauge" in most usages. This is despite considerable confusion between countries as to the definition of [[wikipedia:0 scale| 0 scale]] and [[wikipedia:N scale|N scale]].

The gauges for model railways were first measured in inches, but later they were standardized to metric units, even for companies which put models in traditional Architect's scale proportions on such metric tracks. A range of accepted gauges were accepted by model railroaders for each scale for convenience's sake.

The most popular scale to go with a given gauge was often derived at by the following roundabout process. [[wikipedia:Germany|German]] artisans would take strips of metal of standard metric size to make things to blueprints whose dimensions were in inches: hence "4 mm to the foot" yields the 1:76.2 size of the "00 scale". This British scale is anomalously used on the standard H0 scale (16.5 mm gauge from 3.5 mm/foot scale) tracks, however, because early electric motors weren't available commercially in smaller sizes.

The Germans have a more developed terminology, which can explain this a bit better. ''Baugrösse'' (English: "''building size''") is the alphanumeric designation, which is used in place of a numeric scale ratio. It's used for scale, as in "[[wikipedia:0 scale| 0 scale]]", "[[wikipedia:H0 scale| H0 scale]]", or "[[wikipedia:Z scale|Z scale]]". ''Maßstab'' (English: "''measure''") is the proportion, with a colon, as in the corresponding terms "1:43", "1:87.1", and "1:220". ''Spurweite'' (English: "''track width''") is the distance between the rails, or correspondingly "32mm", "16.5 mm", and "6.5 mm", and again gauge is used for this in English. One might add to these the old use of the term scale, of "7mm to the foot" and "3.5 mm to the foot" for the first two, while the last really isn't expressible in this manner. Early 1900s German mass-produced toys had a measured gauge from rail ''centre'' to rail centre of rolled tinplate rail, with much latitude between flange & rail.

There are three different standards for the "0" scale, each of which uses tracks of 32 mm for the standard gauge. The American version continues a dollhouse scale of 1:48. It is sometimes called "quarter-gauge", as in "one-quarter-inch to the foot". The British version continued the pattern of sub-contracting to Germans; so, at 7 mm to the foot, it works out to a scale of 1:43.5. Later, MOROP, the European authority of model railroad firms, declared that the "0" gauge (still 32 mm) must use the scale of 1:45. That is, in Europe the below-chassis dimensions have to be slightly towards 4 ft. 6 inches, to allow wheel/tyre/splasher clearance for smaller than realistic curved sections.

"[[wikipedia:Live steam| Live steam]]" railways, that you actually ride on, are built in many scales, such as 1-1/2", 1", and 3/4" to the foot. Common gauges are 7-1/2" (Western US) and 7-1/4" (Eastern US & rest of the world), 5", 4-3/4". Smaller Live Steam gauges do exist, but as the scale gets smaller, the pulling power decreases. One of the smallest gauges on which a live steam engine can pull a passenger is the now almost defunct 2-1/2" gauge.

=== Model robots ===
Japanese firms have marketed toys and models of what are often called [[wikipedia:mecha| mecha]], nimble humanoid fighting robots. The robots which appear in animated shows, or [[wikipedia:anime| anime]] are often depicted at a size between 15-20m in height, and so scales of 1:100 and [[wikipedia:1:144| 1:144]] are common for these subjects, though other scales such as [[wikipedia:1:72|1:72]] are commonly used for robots and related subjects of different size.

The most prolific manufacturer of mecha models is [[wikipedia:Bandai| Bandai]], whose [[wikipedia:gunpla|Gundam kit lines]] were a strong influence in the genre in the 1980s. Even today, Gundam kits are the most numerous in the mecha modeling genre, usually with dozens of new releases every year. The features of modern Gundam kits, such as color molding and snap-fit construction, have become the standard expectations for other mecha model kits.

Due to the fantasy nature of most anime robots, and the necessary simplicity of cel-animated designs, mecha models lend themselves well to stylized work, improvisations, and simple scratchbuilds. One of [[wikipedia:Gundam|Gundam's]] contributions to the genre was the use of a gritty wartime backstory as a part of the fantasy, and so it is almost equally fashionable to build the robots in a weathered, beaten style, as would often be expected for [[wikipedia:Armoured fighting vehicle|AFV]] kits as to build them in a more stylish, pristine manner.

=== Model rockets and spacecraft ===
[[Model rocket]] kits began as a development of model aircraft kits, yet the scale of 1:72 [V.close to 4 mm.::1foot] never caught on. Scales 1:48 and 1:96 are used. There are some rockets of scales 1:128, [[wikipedia:1:144|1:144]], and 1:200, but Russian firms put their large rockets in 1:288. Heller is maintaining its idiosyncratic standard by offering some models in the scale of 1:125.

[[wikipedia:Science fiction| Science fiction]] space ships are heavily popular in the modeling community. Models based on ships from such franchises as ''[[wikipedia:Star Trek| Star Trek]]'', ''[[wikipedia:Star Wars| Star Wars]]'', and ''[[wikipedia:Battlestar Galactica| Battlestar Galactica]]'' are regularly sold and created in scales ranging from 1:24 to 1:1400 to 1:2500 to 1:10000 for the larger ''Star Wars'' ships. Finemolds in Japan have recently released a series of high quality injection molded Star Wars kits in 1:72, and this range is supplemented by resin kits from Fantastic Plastic.

=== Model living creatures ===
Scale models of people and animals are found in a wide variety of venues, and may be either single-piece objects or kits which must be assembled, usually depending on the purpose of the model itself. For instance, models of people as well as both domestic and wild animals are often produced for display in model cities or railroads to provide a measure of detail or realism, and scaled relative to the trains, buildings, and other accessories of a certain line of models. If a line of trains or buildings does not feature models of living creatures, those who build the models will often buy these items separately from another line in the interest of featuring people or animals. In other cases, scale model lines will feature living creatures exclusively, often focusing on educational interests. Sometimes animal figurines will not adhere to a particular scale, but some companies endeavor to produce models that are as accurately scaled as possible. One of the foremost producers of such scale models is [[wikipedia:Safari Ltd.| Safari Ltd.]], known for such lines as the [[wikipedia:Carnegie collection|Carnegie Collection]], a line of dinosaur replicas that adheres to a 1:40 scale, and the Vanishing Wild Collection, featuring mammal figures on a scale of 1:15. Another to specialize in this field is [[wikipedia:Tamiya| Tamiya]], who produce dinosaurs in 1/35 scale.

Models of living creatures requiring assembly are not as common as single-piece units, but certainly not unheard of. One of the most prolific kinds of kits requiring assembly that feature living creatures are models of human and animal skeletons. Like their single-piece counterparts, such kits are often touted as being educational activities. Skeleton kits often have unique features such as glow-in-the-dark pieces or attachable internal organs. Again, dinosaurs are a popular subject for such models.

=== Model ships and naval wargaming ===
[[Image:Pendon's Madderport.JPG|thumb|right|300px|[[wikipedia:Pendon Museum| Pendon Museum]]'s model of Madderport]]
[[Image:Zinnschiffe.jpg|thumb|right|300px|[[wikipedia:1:1250 scale|1:1250 scale]] [[wikipedia:die-cast model| die-cast model]]s of ships]]

In the first half of the [[wikipedia:twentieth century| twentieth century]], navies used hand-made models of warships for identification and instruction in a variety of scales. That of 1:500 was called "teacher scale." Besides models made in 1:1200 and 1:2400 scales, there were also ones made to 1:2000 and 1:5000. Some, made in [[wikipedia:UK|Britain]], were labelled "1 inch to 110 feet," which would be 1:1320 scale, but aren't necessarily accurate. 
Michele Morciano says small scale ship models were produced in about 1905 linked to the wargaming rules and other publications of Fred T Jane. The company that standardised on 1:1200 was Basset-Lowke in 1908. The British Admiralty subsequently contracted with Basset-Lowke and other companies and individual craftsmen to produce large numbers of recognition models, to this scale, in 1914-18.<ref>Michele Morciano, 'Classic Waterline Ship Models in the 1:1200/1250 scale', self published, Rome 2003, page 5</ref> 
Just before the Second World War, the American naval historian (and [[wikipedia:science fiction| science fiction]] author) [[wikipedia:Fletcher Pratt| Fletcher Pratt]] published a book on naval wargaming as could be done by civilians using [[ship model]]s cut off at the [[wikipedia:waterline| waterline]] to be moved on the floors of basketball courts and similar locales. The scale he used was non-standard (reported as 1:666), and may have been influenced by toy ships then available, but as the hobby progressed, and other rule sets came into use, it was progressively supplemented by the series 1:600, 1:1200, and 1:2400. In Britain, 1:3000 became popular and these models also have come into use in the USA. These had the advantage of approximating the [[wikipedia:nautical mile| nautical mile]] as 120 inches, 60 inches, and 30 inches, respectively. As the [[wikipedia:knot (speed)|knot]] is based on this mile and a 60-minute hour, this was quite handy.

After the war, firms emerged to produce models from the same white metal used to make toy soldiers. One British firm offered a tremendously wide line of merchant [[wikipedia:ship| ship]]s and dockyard equipment in the scale 1:1200. In the US, at least one manufacturer, of the wartime 1:1200 recognition models, Comet, made them available for the civilian market postwar, which also drove the change to this scale. In addition, continental European manufacturers and European ship book publishers had adopted the 1:1250 drawing scale because of its similar convenience in size for both models and comparison drawings in books.

[[Image:Buddelschiff Titanic.JPG|thumb|left|Ship in bottle: this model ship is contained in an [[wikipedia:impossible bottle| impossible bottle]] intended to mystify the viewer about how it was encapsulated.]]A prestige scale for [[wikipedia:boat| boat]]s, comparable to that of 1:32 for fighter planes, is 1:72, producing huge models, but there are very few kits marketed in this scale. There are now several clubs around the world for those who choose to scratch-build radio-controlled model ships and submarines in 1:72, which is often done because of the compatibility with naval aircraft kits. For the smaller ships, plank-on-frame or other wood construction kits are offered in the traditional shipyard scales of 1:96, 1:108, or 1:192 (half of 1:96). In injection-molded plastic kits, [[wikipedia:Airfix| Airfix]] makes full-hull models in the scale which the [[wikipedia:Royal Navy| Royal Navy]] has used to compare the relative sizes of ships: 1:600. [[wikipedia:Revell| Revell]] makes some kits to half the scale of the US Army standard: 1:570. Some American and foreign firms have made models in a proportion from the Engineer's scale: "one-sixtieth-of-an-inch-to-the-foot", or 1:720.

But the continental Europeans have an on-going project of getting rid of all conversions and measurements which they consider non-standard. As they saw how four Japanese model-making firms ([[wikipedia:Tamiya| Tamiya]], [[wikipedia:Hasegawa (model company)|Hasegawa]], [[wikipedia:Aoshima Bunka Kyozai|Aoshima]], and [[wikipedia:Fujimi| Fujimi]]) formed a cartel to apportion out the project of putting out waterline kits of the whole fleet of Japanese warships of the Second World War on the market in a proportion that no firm from any other country did - 1:700, the Europeans are attempting to have the scale of 1:400 standardized for full-hull model ships, even though some Japanese firms have produced larger ships in the luxury scale of 1:350. On the other hand, the rise of the resin kit industry in the 1990s led to the introduction of companies around the world producing kits in the 1:350 and 1:700 scales to match pre-existing injection molded kits, creating in limited production a large variety of kits of subjects which traditional injection-molding makers have not invested resources to produce, due to the expense of creating a large injection mold. In scales more conducive to wargaming, continental Europeans have long marketed waterline kits in the scales 1:1250 and more recently 1:2500 to supplement the British and American lines. The Chinese are joining them. Such trends toward standardization has not affected the Japanese firm [[wikipedia:Nichimo| Nichimo]], which still produces fit-in-the-box sizes from old molds, and 1:450 size models.

=== Manned ship models ===
Many research workers, hydraulics specialists and engineers have used scale models for over a century, in particular in towing tanks. Manned models are small scale [[Ship model|models]] that can carry and be handled by at least one person on an open expanse of water. They must behave just like real ships, giving the shiphandler the same sensations. Physical conditions such as wind, currents, waves, water depths, channels and berths must be reproduced realistically.

Manned models are used for research (e.g. ship behaviour), engineering (e.g. port layout) and for [[wikipedia:Port Revel|training in shiphandling]] (e.g. maritime pilots, masters and officers). They are usually at 1:25 scale.

=== Model tanks and wargaming ===
[[Image:Lancaster1.jpg|thumb|right|300px|[[wikipedia:American Civil War| American Civil War]] miniature battle at the [[Historical Miniatures Gaming Society|HMGS]] "[[Cold Wars]]" convention in [[wikipedia:Lancaster, Pennsylvania|Lancaster]], PA]]
Just before the twentieth century, the British historian (and science fiction author and forgotten mainstream novelist) [[wikipedia:H. G. Wells|H. G. Wells]] published a book, ''[[wikipedia:Little Wars| Little Wars]]'', on how to play at [[wikipedia:battle| battle]]s in miniature. His books use 54 mm lead figures, particularly those manufactured by Britains. His fighting system employed spring-loaded model guns which shot matchsticks.

This use of physical mechanisms was echoed in the later games of Fred Jane, whose rules required throwing darts at ship silhouettes; his collection of data on the world's fleets was later published and became renowned. Dice have largely replaced this toy mayhem for consumers.

For over a century, toy soldiers were made of [[wikipedia:white metal| white metal]], a lead-based alloy, often in architect's scale-based ratios in the English-speaking countries, and called [[tin soldier]]s. After the Second World War, such toys were on the market for children but now made of a safe plastic softer than styrene. American children called these "army men". Many sets were made in the new scale of 1:40. A few styrene model kits of land equipment were offered in this and in 1:48 and 1:32 scales. However, these were swept away by the number of kits in the scale of [[wikipedia:1:35|1:35]].

Those who continued to develop [[miniature wargaming]] preferred smaller scale models, the soldiers still made of soft plastic. Airfix particularly wanted people to buy 1:76 scale soldiers and tanks to go with "00" gauge train equipment. [[wikipedia:Roco| Roco]] offered 1:87 scale styrene military vehicles to go with "H0" gauge model houses. However, although there is no 1:72 scale model railroad, more toy soldiers are now offered in this scale because it is the same as the popular aircraft scale. The number of fighting vehicles in this scale is also increasing, although the number of auxiliary vehicles available is far fewer than in [[wikipedia:1:87 scale| 1:87 scale]].

A more recent development, especially in wargaming of land battles is 15 mm white metal miniatures, often referred to as 1:100, though this is not a correct conversion of scale. 15 mm scale actually is very close to railroad [[wikipedia:TT scale| TT scale]] or 1:120. The use of 15 mm scale metals has grown quickly since the early 1990s as they allow a more affordable option over 28 mm if large battles are to be refought, or a large number of vehicles represented. The rapid rise in the detail and quality of castings at 15 mm scale has also helped to fuel their uptake by the wargaming community.

Armies use smaller scales still. The US Army specifies models of the scale 1:285 for its [[wikipedia:sand table| sand table]] wargaming. There are metal ground vehicles and helicopters in this scale, which is a near "one-quarter-inch-to-six-feet" scale. The continental powers of [[wikipedia:NATO| NATO]] have developed the similar scale of 1:300, even though metric standardizers really don't like any divisors other than factors of 10, 5, and 2, so maps are not commonly offered in Europe in scales with a'' "3" ''in the denominator.

Consumer [[wikipedia:wargame|wargaming]] has since expanded into [[wikipedia:fantasy| fantasy]] realms, employing scales large enough to be painted in imaginative detail - so called "heroic" 28 mm figures, (roughly 1:64, or [[wikipedia:S scale| S scale]]). Firms which produce these do so in so small production lots that they are necessarily made of white metal. One successful company in this field is British firm [[wikipedia:Games Workshop| Games Workshop]], which offers white metal and plastic war machines and soldiers for its ''[[wikipedia:Warhammer 40,000| Warhammer 40,000]]'' and ''[[wikipedia:Warhammer Fantasy Battle| Warhammer Fantasy Battle]]''. Following the cinematic release of ''[[wikipedia:The Lord of the Rings film trilogy|The Lord of the Rings]]'' trilogy, a [[The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game|third miniature-based gaming line]] was created.

== Scales ==
:''For a more complete list of scale model sizes, see [[wikipedia:list of scale model sizes| list of scale model sizes]] and [[wikipedia:Rail transport modelling scales| Rail transport modelling scales]]''
[[Model railway]]s have unique scale/gauge designations, such as: [[wikipedia:Z gauge|Z]]; [[wikipedia:N scale|N]]; [[wikipedia:H0 scale|H0]]; [[wikipedia:00 gauge|00]]; [[wikipedia:EM gauge|EM]]; [[wikipedia:P4 gauge|P4]]; [[wikipedia:0 gauge|0]]; [[wikipedia:S gauge|S]]; [[wikipedia:1 gauge|1]]. [[Model figure]] [[wikipedia:Miniature figure#Scales|scales]] are usually expressed as the height of a six-foot (1.83 m) figure; for example: 54 mm. Other model scales are generally given as a ratio which expresses what a measurement on the model represents on the actual object. When buying a model train, scale sizes are referred to by letter name, not number ratio.

For hydraulic models, [[Similitude of ship models|specific scale rules]] are applied in order to obtain the correct reproduction of physical phenomenae.

== History of the scales ==
=== Before the plastic model kit industry ===
Hobbyists' scale models derive from those used by the firms which made the full-sized products. Originally, a "scale" was a physical measuring instrument, a notion which survives as concerns weight. First among scales are the rulers that are triangular in cross-section and called [[wikipedia:architect's scale| architect's scale]]s or [[wikipedia:engineer's scale| engineer's scale]]s. The terminology used was of this manner: "''scale size'' to ''full size''", or the reverse. An architect's scale was used to make the first affordable models: doll houses and their furniture. Its popular scales for these miniatures were "one inch to the foot" and "one-half inch to the foot"; there is also "three-quarters inch to the foot".

The ''proportion'' of the model to the [[wikipedia:prototype| prototype]] was originally called "size", as in "full-sized" or "half-sized", as used on a blueprint for making something that would fit on a workbench.

Shipyards were the first to use the scales to make models of things larger than a house. The scales they used were expressed in a different manner: "one-foot-to-the-inch" through "six-feet-to-the-inch" were common. During the [[wikipedia:Second World War| Second World War]], [[wikipedia:battleship| battleship]] models were made "eight-foot-to-the-inch", in the later phrasing, "one-eighth-inch to the foot"; you will find these models, used for training workers, in [[wikipedia:maritime museum| maritime museum]]s. The model ship would be referred to as "one-ninety-sixth size", or "1/96th", but rarely, as there were few scales commonly used; it couldn't possibly be "1/98th scale", for example.

There were also rotary instruments in which one would line up marks on two dials to be able to translate measurements from units on the prototype to units on the model. After the production of kits to make [[wikipedia:plastic| plastic]] models became an industry, there were developed rulers marked in the model units and which are called scales.

=== Comparing scales ===
Phrases used are those of "larger" and "smaller" scales.
The scale of 1/8"-to-the-foot is a larger scale than 1/16"-to-the-foot,
even though the denominator is smaller. So a larger model is made to a larger scale.
You can remember this in that a full-size, or full-scale, model is larger than a half-size model.

=== Origins of the plastic model kit ===
For [[wikipedia:aircraft| aircraft]] recognition in the Second World War, the [[wikipedia:Royal Air Force|RAF]] selected models to the scale of "one-sixth inch to the foot" (which was two [[wikipedia:United Kingdom|British]] ''lines'', a legal division of length which didn't make it to [[wikipedia:United States|America]], besides being a standard shipyard scale). Although some consumer models were sold pre-war in Britain to this scale, the airmens' models were pressed out of ground-up old rubber tires. This is of course the still-popular [[wikipedia:1:72 scale| 1:72 scale]]. It wasn't predestined to succeed; there were competitors.

The [[wikipedia:US Navy| US Navy]], in contrast, had metal models made to the proportion 1:432, which is "nine-feet-to-the-quarter-inch". At this scale, a model six feet is about half a statute mile; and seven feet about half a nautical mile.

After the war, firms that moulded models from [[wikipedia:polystyrene| polystyrene]] entered the consumer marketplace, the American firm [[wikipedia:Revell| Revell]] notably offering a model of the Royal Coach around the time of the 1953 coronation. In the early years, firms offered models of aircraft and ships in "fit-the-box" size. A box that would make an impressive gift was specified, and a mould was crafted to make a model that wouldn't ludicrously slide around inside. Modellers could not compare models, nor switch parts from one kit to another. It was the British firm [[wikipedia:Airfix| Airfix]] that brought the idea of the constant scale to the marketplace, and they picked the RAF's scale.

In the 1960s, the company [[wikipedia:Monogram| Monogram]] offered an aircraft actually labeled as ''¼" scale'', which may have been a common contraction in factories. They meant "one-quarter-inch to the foot", or "one-forty-eighth size". Shortly thereafter, hobbyists lost the ability to distinguish the two, and now the proportion is referred to as ''scale''.

=== Terminology ===
The terms and the means of writing them down have changed, and for model kits they are now standardized for the European Union. In English-speaking countries, such terms as "1/72" were used, but the format with a colon as "1:72" is often preferred. The slash format is usually avoided with decimal fractions: "1/76.2" is usually not used; it's "1:76.2" instead. That hybrid [[wikipedia:00 gauge| 00 gauge]] can also be expressed by explicitly using a mixed system of units as "4 mm:1 ft" or "1 mm:3 in", but the dimensionless form makes comparison with other scales easier.

=== Rational choice of scales ===
[[Image:Federal Plaza, Washington, DC.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Freedom Plaza is a scale model depicting the layout of the [[wikipedia:Federal Triangle| Federal Triangle]] and part of the [[wikipedia:National Mall| National Mall]], [[wikipedia:Washington, DC| Washington, DC]]; the diagonal slash across the layout depicts [[wikipedia:Pennsylvania Avenue| Pennsylvania Avenue]] ]]
[[Image:URA_Gallery_Singapore_Centr.jpg|thumb|right|300px|A 1:5000 model of the entire [[wikipedia:Singapore| Singapore]] City is found in the [[wikipedia:Urban Redevelopment Authority|URA]] Gallery Museum]]The nominal height of a man is simple in the inch-based system: six feet. Many traditional scales are derived so that a figure of such a height against the model can be readily imagined as a simple relation to an inch. Although the [[wikipedia:metric system| metric system]] has specified a limited series of scales for blueprints and maps, when it comes to models, there may be a problem with these scales for a readily imagined person of 180 centimetres. Model railways have the additional difficulty of having to present the [[wikipedia:rail gauge| rail gauge]] as a simple number, the height of a person being secondary. Trade authorities in metric countries are attempting to specify scales that are simple mulitiples of 2 and 5, but neither tracks nor people seem to fit. In such cases, rationalization may actually be invoked for competitive advantage, to prevent interoperability with products from another manufacturing country.

On the other hand, wargaming scales have traditionally been traced to metric system, where the number of millimetres relate to the relative height of the human figure based on 180 cm standard man. Therefore 25 mm scale (popular in historical and fantasy wargaming) refers to 1:72 scale, whilst the 15 mm scale (nowadays the most popular scale in ancient, medieval and Renaissance wargaming) refers to 1:120 scale (Many manufacturers refer to 15 mm as 1:100 scale). Likewise, 50 mm scale is the same as 1:35 military model scale, and 5 mm equals 1:350 naval scale.

Rationalisation typically falls into 2 categories: Industrial Trade, and Hobbies. Industrial trade covers areas like building and maritime architecture where universally accepted scales have been established and are conformed to both in the construction of models and drawings, in order to facilitate smoother co-operation between commercial parties. The rationalisation of hobby scales has been more gradual and organic; largely driven by clubs lobbying industry, as well as tradition, and indirectly, consumer demand. A couple of artificial efforts to standardise have not been successful: ie Tamiya in the 1970's with aircraft models in 1/100th scale, and Heller with airline models in 1/125th scale. Even though rationalisation in hobby scales sounds appealing, it has not proved to be historically evident, although there may be some very gradual progress as consumer demand becomes more organised.

=== Miniatures in Contemporary Art ===

Miniatures and model kits are used in contemporary art whereby artists use both scratch built miniaturizations or commercially manufactured model kits to construct a dialogue between object and viewer. The role of the artist in this type of miniature is not necessarily to re-create an historical event or achieve naturalist realism, but rather to use scale as a mode of articulation in generating conceptual or theoretical exploration. Political, conceptual, and architectural examples are provided by noted artists such as [[wikipedia:Jake and Dinos Chapman| Jake and Dinos Chapman]] (otherwise known as the Chapman Brothers), [[wikipedia:Ricky Swallow| Ricky Swallow]], John Timberlake, [[wikipedia:Shaun Wilson| Shaun Wilson]] or the [[wikipedia:Psikhelekedana| Psikhelekedana]] artists from [[wikipedia:Mozambique| Mozambique]], [[wikipedia:James Casebere| James Casebere]], Oliver Boberg, Lori Nix and Bill Finger.

== See also ==
* [[wikipedia:Computer-aided design| Computer-aided design]]
* [[Die-cast toy]]
* [[wikipedia:Historical Miniatures Gaming Society| Historical Miniatures Gaming Society]]
* [[wikipedia:IPMS| IPMS]], International Plastic Modellers' Society
* [[wikipedia:Maquette| Maquette]]
* [[Miniature figure]]
* [[Miniature park]]
* [[Model figure]]
* [[Solar system model]]
* [[wikipedia:Standard gauge#Standard gauge in model railways|Standard gauge in model railways]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==

* [http://www.modelmakers.org/ Association of Professional Model Makers, APMM]
* [http://www.BuildingScaleModelAircraft.com BuildingScaleModelAircraft.com] A website about the hobby of building scale model aircraft
* [http://www.72scale.com The Definitive 1/72 Scale Model Census] Listings of commercially produced die-cast and kit models, including aircraft, space, sci-fi, figures, vehicles, and ships.
* [http://mikes-steam-engines.co.uk/ Photos of toy steam engines]
* [http://www.scalefirehouse.com/ The Scale Firehouse - Emergency Vehicle Scale Models]
* [http://www.rtvmodeler.com/ Military Models in scale with articles and galleries].
* [http://clayton707.googlepages.com Clayton's model ship page] Features many model links and practicums

[[Category:Scale modeling|*]]
[[Category:Scale model scales]]
[[Category:Architectural communication]]
[[Category:Model aircraft]]

Barbie

2008-10-08T03:31:54Z

Summary:

[[Image:3164259562 7213617f71 b.jpg|350px|thumb|right|Barbie]]
'''Barbie''' is a best-selling fashion [[doll]] launched in 1959. The doll is produced by [[wikipedia:Mattel|Mattel, Inc.]], and is a major source of revenue for the company. The [[wikipedia:USA|American]] businesswoman [[wikipedia:Ruth Handler| Ruth Handler]] (1916-2002) is regarded as the creator of Barbie, and the doll's design was inspired by a [[wikipedia:Germany|German]] doll called [[wikipedia:Bild Lilli doll|Bild Lilli]].

Barbie has been an important part of the toy fashion doll market for nearly fifty years, and has been the subject of numerous controversies and [[wikipedia:lawsuit| lawsuit]]s, often involving [[wikipedia:parody| parody]] of the doll and her lifestyle. In recent years, Barbie has faced increasing competition from the [[Bratz]] range of dolls.

==History==
[[wikipedia:Ruth Handler| Ruth Handler]] watched her daughter Barbara at play with paper dolls, and noticed that she often enjoyed giving them adult roles. At the time, most children's toy dolls were representations of infants. Realizing that there could be a gap in the market, Handler suggested the idea of an adult-bodied doll to her husband Elliot, a co-founder of the [[wikipedia:Mattel| Mattel]] toy company. He was unenthusiastic about the idea, as were Mattel's directors.

[[Image:255206953 31f2df42d0 b.jpg|thumb|350px|right|upright|Indian Barbie at Bahai Temple, Delhi]]
During a trip to [[wikipedia:Europe| Europe]] in 1956 with her children Barbara and Kenneth, Ruth Handler came across [[wikipedia:Germany|German]] toy doll called [[wikipedia:Bild Lilli doll|Bild Lilli]].<ref>In an interview with M.G.Lord, the author of ''Forever Barbie'', Ruth Handler said that she saw the doll in Lucerne, Switzerland. However, the book points out that on other occasions Handler said that she saw the doll in Zurich or Vienna.</ref> The adult-figured Lilli doll was exactly what Handler had in mind, so she purchased three of them. She gave one to her daughter and took the others back to Mattel. The Lilli doll was based on a popular character appearing in a [[wikipedia:comic strip| comic strip]] drawn by Reinhard Beuthin for the newspaper ''[[wikipedia:Bild-Zeitung|Die Bild-Zeitung]]''. Lilli was a working girl who knew what she wanted and was not above using men to get it. The Lilli doll was first sold in Germany in 1955, and although it was initially sold to adults, it became popular with children who enjoyed dressing her up in outfits that were available separately.

Upon her return to the [[wikipedia:United States| United States]], Handler reworked the design of the doll (with help from engineer [[wikipedia:Jack Ryan (designer)|Jack Ryan]]) and the doll was given a new name, ''Barbie'', after Handler's daughter Barbara. The doll made its debut at the [[wikipedia:American International Toy Fair| American International Toy Fair]] in [[wikipedia:New York| New York]] on March 9, 1959. This date is also used as Barbie's official [[wikipedia:birthday| birthday]]. Mattel acquired the rights to the [[Bild Lilli doll]] in 1964 and production of Lilli was stopped. The first Barbie doll wore a black and white zebra striped swimsuit and signature topknot [[wikipedia:ponytail| ponytail]], and was available as either a [[wikipedia:blonde| blonde]] or [[wikipedia:brunette| brunette]]. The doll was marketed as a "Teen-age Fashion Model," with her clothes created by Mattel fashion designer Charlotte Johnson. The first Barbie dolls were manufactured in [[wikipedia:Japan| Japan]], with their clothes hand-stitched by Japanese [[wikipedia:homeworker| homeworker]]s. Around 350,000 Barbie dolls were sold during the first year of production.

Ruth Handler believed that it was important for Barbie to have an adult appearance, and early [[wikipedia:market research| market research]] showed that some parents were unhappy about the doll's chest, which had distinct breasts. Barbie's appearance has been changed many times, most notably in 1971 when the doll's eyes were adjusted to look forwards rather than having the demure sideways glance of the original model.

Barbie was one of the first [[toy]]s to have a marketing strategy based extensively on [[wikipedia:television| television]] [[wikipedia:advertising| advertising]], which has been copied widely by other toys. It is estimated that over a billion Barbie dolls have been sold worldwide in over 150 countries, with Mattel claiming that three Barbie dolls are sold every second.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/5370398.stm BBC NEWS | Business | Vintage Barbie struts her stuff]</ref>

The standard range of Barbie dolls and related accessories are manufactured to approximately [[wikipedia:1:6 scale|1/6th scale]], which is also known as ''playscale''.<ref>[http://miniatures.about.com/od/glossaryofminiatureterms/g/playscale.htm "Playscale per About.com]</ref>
Barbie products include not only the range of dolls with their clothes and accessories, but also a huge range of Barbie branded goods such as books, fashion items and [[wikipedia:video game| video game]]s. Barbie has appeared in a [[wikipedia:Barbie film series|series of animated films]] and makes a brief guest appearance in the 1999 film ''[[wikipedia:Toy Story 2| Toy Story 2]]''.

Almost uniquely for a toy fashion doll, Barbie has become a [[wikipedia:cultural icon| cultural icon]] and has been given honors that are rare in the toy world. In 1974 a section of [[wikipedia:Times Square| Times Square]] in [[wikipedia:New York City| New York City]] was renamed Barbie Boulevard for a week, while in 1985 the artist [[wikipedia:Andy Warhol| Andy Warhol]] created a painting of Barbie.<ref>http://www.goodbyemag.com/apr02/handler.html</ref><ref>[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/theymadeamerica/whomade/handler_hi.html Who Made America? | Innovators | Ruth Handler]</ref>

==Biography==
Barbie's full name is '''Barbara Millicent Roberts'''. In a series of novels published by [[wikipedia:Random House| Random House]] in the 1960s, her parents' names are given as George and Margaret Roberts from the fictional town of Willows, [[wikipedia:Wisconsin| Wisconsin]]. Barbie has been said to attend Willows High School and Manhattan International High School in [[wikipedia:New York City| New York City]], based on the real-life [[wikipedia:Stuyvesant High School| Stuyvesant High School]]. She has an on-off romantic relationship with her beau [[Ken (toy doll)|Ken]] ('''Ken Carson'''), who first appeared in 1961. Like Barbie, Ken shares his name with one of Ruth Handler's children. A [[wikipedia:news release| news release]] from Mattel in February 2004 announced that Barbie and Ken had decided to split up, but in February 2006 they were back together again.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/3484949.stm BBC NEWS | World | Americas | Passion over for Barbie and Ken]</ref><ref>[http://edition.cnn.com/2006/US/02/09/ken.barbie.reut/ CNN.com - Madeover Ken hopes to win back Barbie - Feb 10, 2006]</ref>

Barbie has had over forty [[wikipedia:pet| pet]]s including [[wikipedia:cat| cat]]s and [[wikipedia:dog| dog]]s, [[wikipedia:horse| horse]]s, a [[wikipedia:panda| panda]], a [[wikipedia:lion| lion]] cub, and a [[wikipedia:zebra| zebra]]. She has owned a wide range of vehicles, including pink [[wikipedia:Corvette| Corvette]] [[wikipedia:convertibles| convertibles]], trailers and [[wikipedia:jeeps| jeeps]]. She also holds a [[wikipedia:aviator|pilot]]'s license, and operates commercial airliners in addition to serving as a [[wikipedia:flight attendant| flight attendant]]. [[wikipedia:Barbie's careers| Barbie's careers]] are designed to show that women can take on a variety of roles in life, and the doll has been sold with a wide range of titles including ''Miss Astronaut Barbie'' (1965), ''Doctor Barbie'' (1988) and ''Nascar Barbie'' (1998).<ref>[http://groups.msn.com/BarbiesSecret/barbiesmanycareers.msnw Barbie's Secret]</ref>

Mattel has created a range of companions for Barbie, including [[wikipedia:Hispanic| Hispanic]] Teresa, [[wikipedia:Midge Hadley|Midge]], [[wikipedia:African American| African American]] Christie and Steven (Christie's boyfriend). Barbie's siblings and cousins were also created including [[Skipper Roberts|Skipper]], [[Tutti Roberts|Tutti]] (Todd's twin sister), [[Todd Roberts|Todd]] (Tutti's and Stacie's twin brother), [[Stacie Roberts|Stacie]] (Todd's twin sister), [[Kelly Roberts|Kelly]], [[Krissy Roberts|Krissy]], [[Francie]], and Jazzie. For more details, see the [[List of Barbie's friends and family]].

== Collecting ==
[[Image:3507612078 f14377c62b b.jpg|thumb|120px|left|Barbie Doll In Ukrainian Outfit]]
Mattel estimates that there are well over 100,000 avid Barbie collectors. Ninety percent are women, at an average age of 40, purchasing more than twenty Barbie dolls each year. Forty-five percent of them spend upwards of $1000 a year.[[Image:Career1 copy.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Vintage 1963 Bubble Cut Barbie in Career Girl on left, with Mattel's 2006 reproduction on right.]]
Vintage Barbie dolls from the early years are the most valuable at [[wikipedia:auction| auction]], and while the original Barbie was sold for $3.00 in 1959, a mint boxed Barbie from 1959 sold for $3552.50 on [[wikipedia:eBay| eBay]] in October 2004.<ref>[http://scoop.diamondgalleries.com/scoop_article.asp?ai=6539&si=123 Scoop - Where the Magic of Collecting Comes Alive! - 1959 Blonde Ponytail Barbie Brings Over $3,000!]</ref> On September 26, 2006, a Barbie doll set a world record at auction of £9,000 [[wikipedia:pound sterling|sterling]] (US $17,000) at [[wikipedia:Christie's| Christie's]] in [[wikipedia:London| London]]. The doll was a Barbie in Midnight Red from 1965 and was part of a private collection of 4,000 Barbie dolls being sold by two [[wikipedia:Netherlands|Dutch]] women, Ietje Raebel and her daughter Marina.<ref>http://au.news.yahoo.com/060926/15/10osv.html</ref>

In recent years Mattel has sold a wide range of Barbie dolls aimed specifically at collectors, including [[wikipedia:porcelain| porcelain]] versions, vintage reproductions, and depictions of Barbie as a range of characters from television series such as ''[[wikipedia:The Munsters| The Munsters]]'' and ''[[wikipedia:Star Trek: The Original Series|Star Trek]]''.<ref>[http://www.barbiecollector.com/showcase/product.aspx?id=1001084&t=modern BarbieCollector.com - Welcome to the official Mattel site for Barbie Collector]</ref><ref>[http://www.barbiecollector.com/showcase/product.aspx?id=150303&t=modern BarbieCollector.com - Welcome to the official Mattel site for Barbie Collector]</ref> There are also collector's edition dolls depicting Barbie dolls with a range of different ethnic identities.<ref>[http://www.barbiecollector.com/showcase/gallery.aspx?t=modern&y=tmp1 BarbieCollector.com - Welcome to the official Mattel site for Barbie Collector]</ref> In 2004 Mattel introduced the Color Tier system for its collector's edition Barbie dolls, ranging through pink, silver, gold and platinum depending on how many of the dolls are produced.<ref>[http://www.barbiecollector.com/collecting/tiers/ BarbieCollector.com - Welcome to the official Mattel site for Barbie Collector]</ref>

Barbie will celebrate her 50th anniversary in 2009, and Mattel plans a new reproduction of the original 1959 Barbie doll.

==Barbie versus Bratz==
In June 2001 [[wikipedia:MGA Entertainment| MGA Entertainment]] launched the [[Bratz]] range of dolls, a move that would give Barbie her first serious competition in the fashion doll market. In 2004 sales figures showed that Bratz dolls were outselling Barbie dolls in the [[wikipedia:United Kingdom| United Kingdom]], although Mattel maintained that in terms of the number of dolls, clothes and accessories sold, Barbie remained the leading brand.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/3640958.stm BBC NEWS | Business | Bratz topple Barbie from top spot]</ref> In 2005 figures showed that sales of Barbie dolls had fallen by 30% in the [[wikipedia:United States| United States]], and by 18% worldwide, with much of the drop being attributed to the popularity of Bratz dolls.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4350846.stm BBC NEWS | Business | Barbie blues for toy-maker Mattel]</ref>

In December 2006 Mattel issued a lawsuit against MGA Entertainment and Carter Bryant, a former doll designer for Mattel, claiming that company secrets were stolen by MGA. <ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/12/10/wdoll10.xml Barbie takes on the Bratz for $500m - Telegraph]</ref> In August 2008, Mattel was awarded an estimated $40 million in [[wikipedia:damages| damages]] after a jury in [[wikipedia:California| California]] agreed that Bryant had created most of the original drawings for the Bratz dolls while he was working for Mattel in 1999 and 2000. <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7583328.stm Barbie firm awarded Bratz payout]</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Barbie Mini Kingdom]]
* [[Barbie syndrome]]
* [[Playscale Miniaturism]]
* [[Superstar: The Karen Carpenter Story]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

== Further reading ==
* Lord, M.G., ''Forever Barbie: The Unauthorized Biography of a Real Doll''. Paperback ISBN 0-8027-7694-9.
* Rogers, Mary F., "Barbie Culture". Paperback ISBN 0-7619-5888-6.
* Knaak, Silke, "German Fashion Dolls of the 50&60". Paperback www.barbies.de.
* Beckham, Victoria (Foreword), John, Elton (Foreword), ''The Art of Barbie''. Paperback ISBN 0-9537479-2-1
* Essays, ''Guys'n'dolls: Art, Science, Fashion & Relationships.'' Paperback ISBN 0-948723-57-2

== External links ==
*[http://www.barbie.com The Official Barbie Website] — Owned By [http://www.mattel.com Mattel]
*[http://www.barbiecollector.com The Official Barbie Collector Website] — Owned By [http://www.mattel.com Mattel]
*[http://www.yourappointmentwithadream.com/html/interview.html "Renaissance Woman: Artist, Inventor, Developer"] -- interview with an ex-Barbie designer first published in ''Fashion Doll Quarterly''
*New York Times: [http://davecullen.com/barbie.htm "The Barbie Way of Knowledge"] by Dave Cullen
*Washington Times: [http://washingtontimes.com/world/20040102-112738-9433r.htm "Religious police take after Barbie"] by Paul Martin
* St. Petersburg Times Floridian: [http://www.sptimes.com/2005/05/15/Floridian/The_doll_that_has_eve.shtml "The doll that has everything - almost"], an article about the "Muslim Barbie" by Susan Taylor Martin
*BBC News: [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/5370398.stm "Vintage Barbie struts her stuff"], September 22 2006
*USA Today: [http://www.usatoday.com/life/people/2006-10-16-influential-people_x.htm Barbie at number 43 on the list of ''The 101 Most Influential People Who Never Lived'']
*BBC News: [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/6979151.stm Barbie doll accessories removed from sale due to concerns over lead in paint], September 5 2007
*Chicago Sun-Times: [http://www.suntimes.com/entertainment/people/1105281,elvisdoll081308.article Elvis and Priscilla enshrined as Barbie dolls] August 13 2008

[[Category:Barbie| ]]
[[Category:Mattel]]

Toy museum

2008-10-08T03:06:13Z

Summary: Copied from Wikipedia under GNU Free Documentation License

[[Image:NatFarmToyMuseum2.JPG|thumb|right|The National Farm Toy Museum in Dyersville, Iowa]]
'''Toy museums''' are [[wikipedia:museums| museums]] for [[toy]]s. They typically showcase toys from a particular culture or period.

Notable toy museums around the world include:

*[[wikipedia:The Bear Museum| The Bear Museum]], a [[teddy bear]] museum, founded in [[wikipedia:Petersfield| Petersfield]], [[wikipedia:Hampshire| Hampshire]] in 1984. Closed in 2006.
*The [[wikipedia:Museum of Childhood (Edinburgh)| Museum of Childhood (Edinburgh)]], on the [[wikipedia:Royal Mile| Royal Mile]], in [[wikipedia:Edinburgh| Edinburgh]], [[wikipedia:Scotland| Scotland]].
*The [[wikipedia:National Farm Toy Museum| National Farm Toy Museum]], a museum located in [[wikipedia:Dyersville| Dyersville]], [[wikipedia:Iowa| Iowa]] that specializes in preserving and displaying [[scale model]]s, replicas, and toys based on [[wikipedia:farm equipment| farm equipment]].
*The [[wikipedia:Museum of Toys and Automata| Museum of Toys and Automata]] in Verdú. Founded in 2004.
*The [[wikipedia:Northgerman Toy Museum| Northgerman Toy Museum]] - a toy museum in [[wikipedia:Soltau| Soltau]], [[wikipedia:Germany| Germany]] which displays historical toys and offers to try innovative modern ones. Founded in 1984.
*The [[wikipedia:Nuremberg Toy Museum| Nuremberg Toy Museum]] - a toy museum in [[wikipedia:Nuremberg| Nuremberg]], [[wikipedia:Germany| Germany]]. Founded in 1971.
*[[wikipedia:Pollock's Toy Museum| Pollock's Toy Museum]] - a small museum in [[wikipedia:Covent Garden| Covent Garden]], [[wikipedia:London| London]], first opened in 1956.
*[[wikipedia:Shankar's International Dolls Museum| Shankar's International Dolls Museum]], a large collection of dolls in [[wikipedia:Delhi| Delhi]], [[wikipedia:India| India]], opened in 1965.
[[Image:Roman-toys.jpg|thumb|right|A display of [[wikipedia:Ancient Rome|Roman]] toys at the Museum of Archaeology in [[wikipedia:Tarragona| Tarragona]], [[wikipedia:Spain| Spain]]]]
*[[wikipedia:Strong - National Museum of Play| Strong - National Museum of Play]] - a [[wikipedia:Smithsonian| Smithsonian]] affiliate in [[wikipedia:Rochester, New York| Rochester, New York]], founded in 1982, that documents the history of play in American culture. It includes the [[wikipedia:National Toy Hall of Fame| National Toy Hall of Fame]] - a [[wikipedia:hall of fame| hall of fame]] for popular toys, opened in 1998.
*The [[wikipedia:Teddy Bear Museum of Naples| Teddy Bear Museum of Naples]] - a teddy bear museum, which opened in 1990 in north [[wikipedia:Naples, Florida| Naples, Florida]], and closed in 2005.
*The [[wikipedia:Istanbul Toy Museum| Istanbul Toy Museum]] - a small museum founded in 2005, and located in the [[wikipedia:Göztepe| Göztepe]] district of [[wikipedia:Istanbul| Istanbul]], [[wikipedia:Turkey| Turkey]], in the garden of the [[wikipedia:Eyüp Sultan Mosque| Eyüp Sultan Mosque]].
*The [[wikipedia:Tartu Toy Museum| Tartu Toy Museum]] opened on 29 May 1994 in [[wikipedia:Tartu| Tartu]], [[wikipedia:Estonia| Estonia]]. On 13 March 2004 a new permanent exhibit was opened, including a playroom and crafts room. On 2 December 2005 the exhibit of movie- and theatre puppets was opened in the former coach house in the museum’s courtyard.
*The [[wikipedia:Brighton Toy And Model Museum| Brighton Toy And Model Museum]], in Brighton, Sussex, England, has an extensive collection of toy and model trains, as well as many other toys, dolls, construction models and military dioramas.
*The [[wikipedia:Toy Town Museum| Toy Town Museum]] is located in East Aurora, New York, the home of Fisher-Price. It is located on the Fisher-Price campus but operates as an independent entity.

[[Category:Toy museums| ]]
[[Category:Toys]]

List of toys

2008-10-08T02:55:59Z

Summary: Copied from Wikipedia under GNU Free Documentation License

''This is not intended to be a complete list. For a list of all toys on which there are currently articles, see [[:Category:Toys]].''

==[[:Category:Construction_toys|Construction Toys]]==
*[[block (toy)|Blocks]]
*[[Construx]]
*[[Erector Set]]
*[[Gami, Plastic Origami]]
*[[Jovo]]
*[[K'NEX]]
*[[Konstruk-Tubes]]
*[[Lego]]
*[[Lincoln Logs]]
*[[Märklin]]
*[[Meccano]]
*[[Mega Bloks]]
*[[Rasti]]
*[[Stickle bricks]]
*[[Tinkertoy]]
*[[Tog'l]]
*[[Zome]]

==[[Doll|Dolls]]==
*[[American Girl (company)|American Girl Doll]]
*[[Barbie]]
*[[Brass Key Keepsakes]]
*[[Bratz]]
*[[Fulla (doll)]]
*[[Polly Pocket]]
*[[Raggedy Ann]]
*[[Saghira]]
*[[Tygirlz]]

==[[Action figure|Action figures]]==
*[[Playmobil]]
*[[Digital pet]]
*[[Jumping jack (toy)| Jumping Jack]]
*[[Toy soldier]]
*[[B-Daman]] (Basically an action figure capable of firing marbles)

==[[Stuffed animal|Stuffed animals]]==
*[[Pound Puppies]]
*[[Teddy bear]]
*[[Sock monkey]]
*[[Beanie Babies]]
*[[Webkinz]]
*[[Squawkers McCaw]]
*[[Real World Wonders]]

==Drawing toys==
*[[Decoder pen]]
*[[Spirograph]]
*[[Stencil]]
*[[Etch-A-Sketch]]

==[[Educational toy|Educational toys]]==
*[[Ant Farm]]
*[[Lego Mindstorms]]
*[[Lego NXT]]
*[[qfix robot kits]]
*[[Real World Wonders]]

==[[Executive toy|Executive Toys]]==
*[[Easy Button]]
*[[Newton's cradle]]
*[[Pin Art]]
*[[Leap frog]]

==Miniaturized items==
*[[Toy piano]]
*[[Toy soldiers]]
*[[Toy weapon]]
*[[Fingerboard]]

==[[Model building]]==
*[[Model aircraft]]
*[[Model car]]
*[[Model railway]]
**[[Carpet Railway|Carpet railway]]

==Model collecting==
*[[Hotwheels]] toy cars
*[[Matchbox (toy company)|Matchbox cars]]
*[[Corgi]] toy cars
*[[Dinky]] toy cars
*[[MicroMachines]]

==Puzzle/Assembly Toys==
*[[Puzzle]]
*[[Tangrams]]

==Science and optical==
*[[Chemistry Set]]
*[[Kaleidoscope]]
*[[Spinning top]]
*[[View-master]]
*[[Zoetrope]]

==Toy Vehicles==
*[[Radio Controlled Cars]]
*[[Radio-controlled aircraft]]
*[[Radio-controlled boat]]
*[[Slot cars]]

==Physical activity and dexterity toys==
*[[Bungee Ball|Bungee Balls]]
*[[Chinese yo-yo]] (diabolo)
*[[Contact Juggling]] (Acrylic Ball)
*[[Devil Sticks]] (Juggling Stix)
*[[Footbag]] (dirt bag | hacky sack)
*[[Frisbee]] ([[1950s]])
*[[Gee-haw whammy diddle]]
*[[Hula Hoop]] ([[1950s]])
*[[Jacks]]
*[[Juggling Clubs]]
*[[Marbles]]
*[[Magnet Space Wheel]]
*[[Moon Shoes]]
*[[Nerf]]
*[[Pogo stick]]
*[[Soap-box cart]]
*[[Yo-yo]] ([[1930s]] onwards)

==See also==
*[[Toy]]
*[[Game]]
*[[:Category:Toy_companies|Toy companies]]
*[[:Category:Game_manufacturers|Game manufacturers]]

[[Category:Entertainment lists|Toys]]
[[Category:Lists of toys|*]]
[[Category:Toys| ]]

Board game

2008-10-08T02:46:23Z

Summary: Copied from Wikipedia under GNU Free Documentation License

[[Image:Board Games.jpg|right|thumb|300px|A shelf of several board games. The left stack contains ''[[Carcassonne]]'', ''La Città'', ''Party & Co'', and ''[[Monopoly]]''. The right stack contains ''[[Risk]]'', ''Drakon'', ''[[Trivial Pursuit]]'', ''[[Seafarers of Catan|The Seafarers of Catan]]'', and ''[[Cities and Knights of Catan]]''.]]

A '''board game''' is a [[game]] in which counters or pieces that are placed on, removed from, or moved across a "board" (a premarked surface usually specific to that game). As do other form of [[wikipedia:entertainment| entertainment]], board games can represent nearly any subject.

There are many different types and styles of board games, including those, at the most-basic level, that that have no inherent [[wikipedia:theme| theme]]—such as ''[[Checkers]]—''as well as more-complicated games with definite subjects, or even narratives, like [[Clue]].

==Categories==
There are a number of different categories that board games can be broken up into. The following is a list of some of the most common:

*[[Abstract strategy game]]s like [[wikipedia:chess| chess]], [[wikipedia:checkers| checkers]], [[wikipedia:Arimaa| Arimaa]], [[wikipedia:irensei| irensei]] or [[go]]
*[[German-style board game]]s, or ''Eurogames'', like ''[[The Settlers of Catan]]'' or ''[[Puerto Rico (board game)|Puerto Rico]]''
*[[Race game]]s like [[parchisi]] or [[backgammon]]
*[[Trivia]] games, like ''[[Trivial Pursuit]]''
*[[Word game]]s, like ''[[Scrabble]]''
*[[Board wargame|Wargames]], ranging from ''[[Risk (game)|Risk]]'' to ''[[Advanced Squad Leader]]''

== See also ==
* [[List of board games]]
* [[List of game manufacturers]]
* [[DVD games]]
* [[Card game]]
* [[Tabletop game]]

=== Further reading ===
* Rollefson, Gary O., "A Neolithic Game Board from Ain Ghazal, Jordan,"
Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, No. 286. (May, 1992), pp. 1-5.
*[[wikipedia:Willard Fiske|Fiske, Willard]]. ''Chess in Iceland and in Icelandic Literature—with historical notes on other table-games)''. Florentine Typographical Society, 1905.
*Falkener, Edward. ''Games Ancient and Oriental, and How To Play Them''. Longmans, Green and Co., 1892.
*Austin, Roland G. "Greek Board Games." ''Antiquity'' 14. September 1940: 257–271
*[[wikipedia:Harold James Ruthven Murray|Murray, Harold James Ruthven]]. ''A History of Board-Games Other Than Chess''. Gardners Books, 1969.
*Bell, Robert Charles. ''The Boardgame Book''. [[wikipedia:London| London]]: Bookthrift Company, 1979.
*Bell, Robert Charles. ''Board and Table Games from Many Civilizations''. [[wikipedia:Mineola, New York| Mineola, New York]]: Dover Publications, 1980. ISBN 0-486-23855-5
**Reprint: [[wikipedia:New York City|New York]]: Exeter Books, 1983.
*[[wikipedia:Sid Sackson|Sackson, Sid]]. ''[[wikipedia:A Gamut of Games|A Gamut of Games]]''. [[wikipedia:Arrow Books| Arrow Books]], 1983. ISBN 0-09-153340-6
**Reprint: Dover Publications, 1992. ISBN 0-486-27347-4
*Schmittberger, R. Wayne. ''New Rules for Classic Games''. [[wikipedia:John Wiley & Sons| John Wiley & Sons]], 1992. ISBN 0-471-53621-0
**Reprint: [[wikipedia:Random House|Random House Value Publishing]], 1994. ISBN 0-517-12955-8
*Parlett, David. ''Oxford History of Board Games''. [[wikipedia:Oxford University Press| Oxford University Press]], 1999. ISBN 0-19-212998-8

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://dmoz.org/Games/Board_Games/ Boardgames in the Open Directory]
*[http://www.boardgamegeek.com BoardGameGeek - A board game database with discussion forums.]
*[news:rec.games.board rec.games.board] - A [[wikipedia:Usenet| Usenet]] [[wikipedia:newsgroup| newsgroup]] dedicated to board games
*[http://boardgames.lovetoknow.com/Main_Page Board Games at LoveToKnow] - Game overviews, strategies, and tips, including information on educational board games

[[Category:Board games| ]]

Puzzle

2008-10-07T22:48:03Z

Summary:

[[Image:Puzzle undone.JPG|thumb|150 px|A puzzle undone, which forms a [[wikipedia:cube| cube]]]]
[[Image:A Puzzle.JPG|thumb|150 px|Puzzle cube; a type of puzzle]]

A '''puzzle''' is a [[wikipedia:problem| problem]] or [[wikipedia:enigma| enigma]] that challenges [[wikipedia:ingenuity| ingenuity]]. In a basic puzzle one is intended to piece together objects in a logical way in order to come up with the desired shape, picture or solution. Puzzles are often contrived as a form of entertainment, but they can also stem from serious mathematical or logistical problems — in such cases, their successful resolution can be a significant contribution to mathematical [[wikipedia:research| research]] <ref>Kendall G., Parkes A. and Spoerer K. (2008) A Survey of NP-Complete Puzzles, International Computer Games Association Journal, 31(1), pp 13-34</ref>.

Solutions to puzzles may require recognizing [[wikipedia:pattern| pattern]]s and creating a particular order. People with a high [[wikipedia:inductive reasoning aptitude| inductive reasoning aptitude]] may be better at solving these puzzles than others. Puzzles based on the process of [[wikipedia:inquiry| inquiry]] and discovery to complete may be solved faster by those with good [[wikipedia:deduction| deduction]] skills.

==History==
[[Image:CrosswordUK.gif|thumb|right|An example of a British-style [[crossword puzzle]].]]

The first jigsaw puzzle was made around 1760, when [[wikipedia:John Spilsbury| John Spilsbury]], a British engraver and mapmaker, mounted a map on a sheet of wood that he then sawed around each individual country. Spilsbury used the product to aid in teaching geography. After catching on with the wider public, this remained the primary use of jigsaw puzzles until about 1820.<ref>[http://www.jigsaw-puzzle.org/jigsaw-puzzle-history.html Puzzle History]</ref>

By the early 20th century, magazines and newspapers found that they could increase their daily subscriptions by publishing [[wikipedia:puzzle contests| puzzle contests]].

==Contemporary puzzles==

A sample of notable puzzle authors includes [[wikipedia:Sam Loyd| Sam Loyd]], [[wikipedia:Henry Dudeney| Henry Dudeney]], [[wikipedia:Boris Kordemsky| Boris Kordemsky]] and, more recently, [[wikipedia:David J. Bodycombe| David J. Bodycombe]], [[wikipedia:Will Shortz| Will Shortz]] and [[wikipedia:Martin Gardner| Martin Gardner]].

There are organizations and events catering puzzle enthusiasts such as the [[wikipedia:International Puzzle Party| International Puzzle Party]], the [[wikipedia:World Puzzle Championship| World Puzzle Championship]] and the [[wikipedia:National Puzzlers' League| National Puzzlers' League]]. There are also Puzzlehunts like [[wikipedia:Maze of Games| Maze of Games]].

The [[Rubik's Cube]] and other [[magic polyhedron]]s are [[toy]]s based on puzzles that can be stimulating toys for kids and are a recreational activity for adults. Puzzles can be used to hide or obscure objects. A good example is a [[puzzle box]] used to hide [[wikipedia:jewelry| jewelry]].

[[Game]]s are often based on a puzzle. For example there are thousands of [[computer puzzle game]]s and many [[letter game]]s, [[word game]]s and [[mathematical game]]s which require solutions to puzzles as part of the gameplay. One of the most popular puzzle games is [[wikipedia:Tetris| Tetris]]. In video games, [[wikipedia:jumping puzzle| jumping puzzle]]s are common.

A [[wikipedia:chess problem| chess problem]] is a puzzle that uses chess pieces on a chess board.

==Types of puzzles==

The large number of puzzles that have been created can be divided into categories, for example a [[wikipedia:maze| maze]] is a type of [[tour puzzle]]. Other categories include [[construction puzzle]]s, [[stick puzzle]]s, [[tiling puzzle]]s, [[transport puzzle]]s, [[disentanglement puzzle]]s, [[sliding puzzle]]s, [[logic puzzle]]s, [[word puzzle]]s, [[picture puzzle]]s, [[jigsaw puzzle]]s, [[lock puzzle]]s, [[wikipedia:Mechanical puzzle#Fold Puzzles|folding puzzle]]s, [[combination puzzles]] and [[mechanical puzzle]]s.

A [[meta-puzzle]] is a puzzle which unites or incorporates elements of other puzzles. It is often found in [[wikipedia:puzzlehunt| puzzlehunt]]s.

==Well-known puzzles==
[[Image:Rubiks cube scrambled.jpg|thumb||none|[[Rubik's Cube]].]]
*[[Anagram]]s
*[[Connect the dots]]
*[[Crossword]]
*[[Eight queens]]
*[[n-puzzle]] (a.k.a. Fifteen puzzle)
*[[Impossible Puzzle| Impossible]]
*[[Jigsaw Puzzle| Jigsaw]]
*[[Kakuro| Kakuro]]
*[[Knight's Tour]]
*[[Missing square puzzle]]
*[[Nonogram]]s (a.k.a. Gridders, Paint by numbers, etc.)
*[[Peg solitaire]]
*[[Puzz-3D]]
*[[Rubik's Cube]]
*[[Sangaku]]
*[[Seven Bridges of Königsberg]]
*[[Slitherlink]]
*[[Sudoku]]
*[[Sokoban]]
*[[Soma cube]]
*[[Spot the difference]]
*[[Tangram]]
*[[Water, gas, and electricity]]
*[[Three cups problem]]
*[[Tower of Hanoi]]

==Etymology==
The 1989 edition of the ''[[wikipedia:Oxford English Dictionary| Oxford English Dictionary]]'' dates the word ''puzzle'' (as a [[wikipedia:verb| verb]]) to the end of the [[wikipedia:16th century| 16th century]]. That first documented use comes from a book called ''The Voyage of [[wikipedia:Robert Dudley, styled Earl of Warwick|Robert Dudley]]...to the West Indies, 1594-95, narrated by Capt. Wyatt, by himself, and by Abram Kendall, master'' (published circa 1595).

Their research, based on the "chronology of the words, and still more the consideration of their sense-history, seem[s] to make it clear that the verb came first, and that the noun was its derivative."

==See also==
*[[wikipedia:List of puzzle topics| List of puzzle topics]]
*[[wikipedia:List of impossible puzzles| List of impossible puzzles]]
*[[wikipedia:List of puzzle-based computer and video games| List of puzzle-based computer and video games]]
*[[wikipedia:Brain teaser| Brain teaser]]
*[[wikipedia:Dilemma| Dilemma]]
*[[wikipedia:Lateral thinking puzzle| Lateral thinking puzzle]]
*[[wikipedia:Optical illusion| Optical illusion]]
*[[wikipedia:Paradox| Paradox]]
*[[wikipedia:Riddle| Riddle]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

*''Creative Puzzles of the World'', 1980, Plenary Publications International
*''Denkspiele Der Welt'', München 1977,1981, Heinrich Hugendubel Verlag

==External links==
*[http://webapp1.dlib.indiana.edu/slocum/ The Jerry Slocum Mechanical Puzzle Collection] Presented by the Lilly Library of Indiana University.
*[http://www.rec-puzzles.org The puzzle archive of the rec.puzzles newsgroup]

[[Category:Puzzles| ]]
[[Category:Problem solving]]

Model Car

2008-10-07T16:57:05Z

Summary: Copied from Wikipedia under GNU Free Documentation License

[[Image:ScaleCarComparison.jpg|thumb|300px|L to R with 12 inch ruler at bottom: 1:64 [[Matchbox]] [[wikipedia:Chevrolet Tahoe| Chevrolet Tahoe]], 1:43 [[wikipedia:Ford| Ford]] F-100, 1:25 Revell Monogram 1999 Ford Mustang Cobra, 1:18 [[wikipedia:Bburago| Bburago]] 1987 [[wikipedia:Ferrari F40| Ferrari F40]]]]

A '''model car''' is a miniature representation, or [[scale model]], of an [[wikipedia:automobile| automobile]] or similar powered vehicle, generally reproducing the shapes of actually-produced vehicles. Other miniature ground-running vehicles, such as trucks, buses, etc. (but not railroad trains or tracked military vehicles) are usually included in the general category of model cars. The line between model and toy cars is not well-defined; some toys can be scaled and detailed well enough to be considered models also. Miniature cars which are poorly proportioned or lack significant detail are usually considered to be pure toys rather than models.

==Model cars from kits==
[[Image:99MustangCobraModel.jpg|thumb|right|Revell model of a [[wikipedia:Ford_Mustang_SVT_Cobra#1999-2001|1999 Ford Mustang Cobra]]]]
Model car most frequently refers to scale miniatures of real production vehicles, designed as kits for the enthusiast to construct. They can be created in [[plastic model|plastic]], [[Die-cast toy|die-cast metal]], resin, even wood. The best kits have incredible levels of detail, even in parts unseen when the finished model is on display. Major manufacturers are [[Aluminum Metal Toys|AMT]], [[wikipedia:Revell| Revell]], [[Monogram models|Monogram]], and [[wikipedia:Tamiya| Tamiya]] but many smaller companies abound.

===History===
Banthrico started producing die cast promotional model car banks in the late '40s for the banking industry. These banks were available as a gift to people that started a new account and had a slot in the bottom to put their spare change. Usually the banks name and address was painted on the roof of the car. These primitive promotional cars included Buicks, Cadillacs, Lincolns, Packards, Desotos, Chryslers, Dodges and of course the more common (relatable) Chevrolets and Fords. In mint condition, today these cars are exceptionally sought after.

About the same time, another company, Product Miniature Corporation was introducing promotional models made from plastic to the public, many of which were also in the form of banks. Many Chevrolet bank models had the inscription on the bottom "To help save for a rainy day, or to buy a new Chevrolet" The almost mandated scale for these cars was 1:25th, however a few Chevrolets and Plymouths were produced in a larger 1:20th scale.

The model car "kit" hobby began in the post [[wikipedia:World War II| World War II]] era with Ace and Berkeley wooden model cars. Revell pioneered the plastic model car with their famous Maxwell kit derived from a toy. Derk Brand, from England, pioneered the first real plastic kit, a 1932 Ford Roadster for Revell. He was also famous for developing a line of 1/32 scale model car kits in England for the Gowland brothers. These kits were later introduced by Revell in the U.S.

AMT, and AMT's sister company SMP, began producing assembled 1/25 friction and coaster models in the early fifties. These were an outgrowth of promotional models manufactured for automobile dealers. Youngsters would be given the scale models to play with while the parents and the salesman haggled. Collecting and trading these "promos" soon became a popular hobby.

During the 1950s to 1960s, interest in the hobby peaked, and AMT introduced the model car kit in 1958. [[wikipedia:Jo-Han| Jo-Han]], Revell and Monogram started producing model car kits about this same time, and it was considered a "golden age" for model car building from these new innovative customizing kits. Most of these kits were known as "annual" kits, which was the unassembled kit version of the promos that represented the new cars that were introduced at the beginning of each model year.

AMT, Jo-Han, and later MPC were the primary promo manufacturers. In addition to building them stock, most annual kits were known as "3 in 1" which allowed the builder to assemble them as stock, custom, or racing versions. Model Products Corp. (MPC) joined the kit/promo business in 1965, and among their first annual kits/promos, was the full-size Dodge Monaco, which was released with a gold metallic painted body and is a valuable collector's item today.

These plastic models were intricately detailed, with body scripts, trim, and emblems, as well as dashboard details, exact duplicates of the real thing, in 1/25 scale. Typically, each automaker would license their cars to one model company. For example, Jo-Han produced Cadillac models and most of the Chrysler products and promos, and AMT did the Chevrolet, Buick, Pontiac, and the Ford produced cars.

Often these companies would change, for example Jo-Han produced the 1972 Ford Torino, and MPC did full-size Chevrolets in the early and mid-1970s. Typically, the kits had more parts and details than the promos. For example, kits often had opening hoods, separate engines and suspension parts, while the promos were molded with hood as part of the body, and chassis with metal axles and one-piece chassis with suspension details molded in. 1969 and 1970 Chevy Impala kits were made by both MPC and AMT, as were some Camaros.

Some model companies sold unassembled versions of the promo cars, which were typically easier to assemble than the annual kits and had many missing pieces ie customizing parts that were available in the full blown kits. They were often molded in color (instead of the traditional white) and easily assembled without glue (thus no glue or paint was required).

When assembled they were almost identical to much more elite promotional models. What usually gives them away is that they were mostly molded in a brighter non metallic color and also they came with thin line white wall tires instead of the earlier (correct) wide white walls on pre-1962 models. Today these often command higher prices, especially AMT's "Craftsman" series of the early and mid sixties.

Interest in model cars began to wane in the mid-1970s as a result of builders growing older and moving on to other pursuits. By the early 1980s, model building had been largely replaced by video gaming as a favorite pastime of American youth. A resurgence was experience in the late 1980s, due to many who been involved in the hobby in past years rediscovering it. Monogram helped spark the revival with a series of replicas of [[wikipedia:NASCAR| NASCAR]] race cars, as did AMT with a kit of the 1966 Chevrolet Nova, which modelers had been requesting for years. Model specific magazines sprang up, such as Scale Auto Enthusiast, (now simply Scale Auto), Plastic Fanatic, and Car Modeler. These spread the word, helped advertisers, and brought modelers together from all across the country.

Today, many of the classic models from the golden age of modeling have been reissued. Not only does this allow modelers to build the cars they always wanted (but couldn't obtain or afford), but it tends to lower the prices of the originals. In some cases, the classic models have been issued with all-new tooling, which allows for even more detailing that comes with modern manufacturing/design methods. These include AMT's 1966 Fairlane and 1967 Impala SS, and Monogram's 1967 Chevelle and 1965 Impala Super Sport.

Today, these companies are still in business, fueled by a renewed interest in model car building and collecting. ERTL now owns both AMT and MPC. Revell and Monogram have merged, and Okey Spaulding has purchased once-defunct Jo-Han, which is producing a few of its original models in limited quantities, including the 1963 Chrysler Turbine Car, 1959 Rambler station wagon, and some of its original 1950s Oldsmobiles and Plymouths. Modelers today can take advantage of modern technology, which includes photo-etched details, adhesive chrome foil for chrome trim, wiring for engines, and billet-aluminum parts. Many builders today can take a basic kit and detail it so it resembles a real car, in miniature.

The internet has also fueled a growing modeling community through websites, bulletin boards, and sites that host photographs, allowing the hobby to expand internationally.

===Resin models===
Because some rare kits are so pricey in today's market, there has arisen a market for resin-cast kits of these cars which are currently available. [[wikipedia:Resin| Resin]] is a plastic material that is [[wikipedia:casting|cast]] rather than injection-molded, eliminating the expense of [[wikipedia:injection molding machines| injection molding machines]] which needs to be recouped with mass market sales. These kits are more expensive than retail prices of injection molded [[wikipedia:polystyrene| polystyrene]] kits, but less expensive than the prices of the kits when they are out of production and demand outstrips supply. Prices are related to the volume of production as well as the quality of the castings, with regard to things like [[wikipedia:pinhole| pinhole]]s which need to be filled, excess [[wikipedia:molding flash| molding flash]] which needs to be removed, excessive thickness, etc. Kits typically do require more work than injection molded kits for finishing, and the resin has different properties than polystyrene. It is more brittle, and the dust produced by [[wikipedia:sanding| sanding]] is [[wikipedia:toxic| toxic]]. The chemical properties are also different, so that the two materials may require different types of [[wikipedia:glue| glue]] and/or [[wikipedia:paint| paint]].

===Kits from Asia/Far East===
Japanese model kit manufacturers - Tamiya, Fujimi and Hasegawa, among them - also stepped up their presences in the U.S. market during the 1980s and 1990s. While many of their car kits have limited appeal to American modelers raised on "Detroit iron," the quality of their products is perhaps the finest in the industry.

Toy cars have metal, plastic, rubber and paint

==Die cast model cars==
[[Image:1-24 Scale.jpg|right|thumb|350px|[[wikipedia:1:24 scale|1:24 scale]] die-cast cars]]
[[Image:Model cars 1 43 scale.jpg|right|thumb|350px|[[wikipedia:1:43 scale|1:43 scale]] die-cast cars]]
[[Image:Ferrari F2005 F1054.jpg|thumb|right|Die cast model of a 1:18 Formula 1 car. This is a model of a [[wikipedia:Ferrari| Ferrari]] F2005 driven by [[wikipedia:Michael Schumacher| Michael Schumacher]] in the Formula 1 2005 season]]
Fully built scale model cars made of die cast metal are very popular among collectors. These models are manufactured in various scales like [[wikipedia:1:18|1:18]], [[wikipedia:1:24| 1:24]], [[wikipedia:1:48|1:48]], and [[wikipedia:1:43| 1:43]], among others.

Larger-scale premium models today are generally made with attention to details which replicate a real model, such as a working steering which steers the wheels in larger models, doors, trunk/boot, and hood/bonnet that open (the latter showing a detailed engine complete with things such as an exhaust system and/or other items contained in a typical car engine), and tyres mounted on a workable suspension system. In smaller scales some of the details are often eliminated. So, e.g. in 1:32, 1:48, or 1:43 scale cars, the steering and wheels generally do not work. Likewise, only the front doors and hood might be functional, with non-opening rear doors and trunk. (There are exceptions to this, of course.)

However, the concept of these models generally began with far simpler toys in smaller scales, such as [[Dinky Toys]] (often 1:43), production of which began in 1934, and [[Matchbox]] cars (often approx. 1:64), introduced in the mid-'50s. Early [[die-cast toys]] featured no opening parts whatsoever. Affected by market forces and by improvements in production technology, companies began to improve the quality of the toys over time. The "best" improvements were often copied by the competition within 1-2 years of their appearance on the market. Examples of these would be plastic windows, interiors, separate wheel/tire assemblies, working suspensions, opening/moving parts, headlights, mask-spraying or tampo-printing, and low-friction wheel/suspension aggregates.

Organized collecting of toy car models developed quickly, particularly in the UK and the USA. At first, collectors seeking models and their variations (in a manner similar to stamp or coin collecting) began cataloguing the models, driving the value for rare items up. This led to a reaction by the market as well, as in the late 1970s at the latest, in a movement started by Matchbox, the wishes and perceived desires of collectors were intentionally catered to in an attempt to capture a higher-price market segment. This movement eventually gave rise to the premium segment of the market as we know it today.

The collectors market also led to licensing aspects not known until the '80s. Typically, companies that make die-cast model cars will have a licensing arrangement with real car manufacturers to make replicas of their cars, whether they be concepts, in current production, or of models no longer produced. Companies whose logos are printed onto the models also enter similar licensing agreements.

Examples die-cast model car brands and manufacturers include [[Maisto]], [[Hot Wheels]], [[Matchbox]], [[Corgi Classics Limited|Corgi]] and Yat Ming. Those making premium models include the [[Franklin Mint]], the [[Danbury Mint]], and Fairfield Mint.

===Types of toy cars===
[[Image:MinichampsCGT.JPG|thumb|250px|Highly detailed [[wikipedia:die-cast model| die-cast model]] of a [[wikipedia:Porsche Carrera GT| Porsche Carrera GT]] by Minichamps]]
* [[Die-cast toy|Die-Cast]] - Either large scale collectors type or smaller consumer "Matchbox" type
* [[wikipedia:Pedal car| Pedal car]]s
* Plastic kit
* [[Radio controlled car|Radio control]]
* [[Tether car]]s
* Hand built limited edition model cars (usually produced in white metal or resin)

==Powered model cars==
Though most car models are static display items, individual model builders have sometimes powered their vehicles in various ways, including rubber bands, springs, inertia mechanisms, electric motors, internal combustion engines, [[wikipedia:air engine| air engine]]s and steam engines. In order to make them less fragile, powered models are often somewhat simplified and not as detailed as the best static models. For this reason, some modelers dismiss nearly all powered miniature cars as toys; however many individual efforts and commercial products are sufficiently well-scaled and detailed that they deserve to be called models. The main types of commercially-produced powered car models include:

'''Uncontrolled''' powered models, which were developed in the 1930s and were common until the 1960s. Often guided by a rail between the wheels, or by a tether staked to the center of a circular course, most of these cars used small internal combustion [[wikipedia:glow plug (model engine)|glow plug engines]] and were known as [[tether car]]s.

'''Electrically powered''' [[wikipedia:slot car| slot car]]s which draw power from the track. They became extremely popular in the 1960s, and are still widely available today.

'''Spring-powered''' or "clockwork" car models, that are wound with a key or by a friction mechanism. These were common until slot cars largely replaced them in the 1960s. In fact, the first commercially successful slot cars, the Scalextric 1/32 line (originally 1:30) which debuted in 1957, were simply motorized versions of the earlier Scalex clockwork racers.

'''[[wikipedia:Radio-controlled car| Radio-controlled car]]s''', which can be bought assembled or built from [[Scale model|kit]]s. These are usually powered by electric motors or glow plug engines. Drivers can control the speed and steering of these cars remotely by a radio signal.

==Brands of model cars==
Italics indicate defunct brand or no longer in the market
* [[Abrex]] - Czech firm, [[wikipedia:Škoda Auto|Škoda]] models
* [[Academy Plastic Model]] - Korean plastic model maker.
* [[Airfix]]
* [[Aluminum Metal Toys|AMT]]
* [[Aoshima Bunka Kyozai|Aoshima]] - Japanese plastic model manufacturer
* Arcade - Very early and primitive producer of cast vehicles
* [[Arii]]
* [[AUTOart]] - a popular high quality die-cast manufacturer form Hong Kong
* ''[[Aurora Plastic Corporation]]''
* ''[[Bang (company)]]'' - Italian manufacturer, specialising in 1:43
* ''[[Bandai]]'' - now produces model cars if they relate to anime merchandising
* [[Banthrico]] Early '50s die cast car banks in 1:25th scale
* [[BBR Models]] - Italian 1:43 scale model manufacturer
* [[Bburago]]
* [[Benbros]]
* ''[[Bing (company)|Bing]]'' German manufacturer of tin-plate models
* ''[[Brekina]]'' - German manufacturer for highly detailed plastic models of the 1940s - 1970s in 1:87 scale (H0)
* [[Britbus]] - highly detailed bus models in 1:76 scale
* [[Britains]]
* [[Brooklin Models|Brooklin]] - handbuilt 1:43 white metal cars (incl. related brands Lansdowne, RobEddie, U.S. Model Mint, International Police, Buick Collection '34-'39)
* [[Bub (company)|Bub]] - German toymakers since 1851
* [[Busch]] - German manufacturer in 1:87
* [[Classic Carlectables]] - manufacturers of Australian Touring Cars and V8 Supercars
* [[CMNL]] Creative Master Northcord Ltd - highly detailed die-cast bus models in 1:76 scale
* [[Corgi Classics Limited|Corgi Cars]]
* [[Conquest Models|Conquest]]- handbuilt 1:43 white metal cars (incl. related brand ''Madison'')
* [[Cox Model Cars]] - Manufactured by L.M. Cox Manufacturing Co, Inc.
* [[Crown Premiums]] - manufacturers of mint die-cast collectibles
* [[Danbury Mint]] - Intricate 1/24th scale die casts
* [[Dinky Toy]] - the first brand of toy car to be collected widely
* [[Doyusha]]
* [[Durham Classics]] - handbuilt 1:43 white metal cars
* EFE [[Exclusive First Editions]] (Gilbow) - model manufacturer, specializing in buses and trucks
* [[Ertl Company]]
* Fairfield Mint
* [[Franklin Mint]] - Intricate 1/24th scale die casts
* [[Fujimi Model]] - Japanese plastic model manufacturer
* [[Great American Dream Machines]] - handbuilt 1:43 white metal models of mid-20th century Detroit showcars
* [[Guisval]] - Spanish manufacturer of models in 1:64 and 1:43 scales.
* ''[[Gunze Sangyo]]'' - Japanese plastic model manufacturer
* [[Hasegawa (model company)]] - Japanese plastic model manufacturer.
* [[Herpa]] - for [[Rail transport modelling|railway modelling]], primarily 1:87 plastic
* [[High Speed]] - a Hong Kong based diecast vehicle maker.
* [[Hot Wheels]]
* [[Italeri]]
* ''[[Imai]]''
* [[IMC (Industro-Motive Corporation)]] - US manufacturer of competition and show car models, notably Ford products.
* [[Jada Toys]]
* [[Jo-Han]]
* [[Kaden]] - Czech firm, [[Škoda Auto|Škoda]] models
* [[Kyosho]]
* [[Lindberg Models]]
* ''[[Lledo]]'' (Days Gone, Vanguards) - product line now absorbed into Corgi
* [[Lone Star Toys]]
* [[Maclovell Huon Pine Racing Cars]] - Tasmanian hand carved wood models
* [[Märklin]] - German manufacturer in various scales
* [[Maisto]]
* [[Marks]] - German manufacturer in 1:87 and 1:160
* [[Marqueart]] - suppliers of high quality hand built 1:43 scale model cars
* [[Matchbox (toy)|Matchbox]]
* [[Minex]]
* [[Minichamps]] - German manufacturer of highly detailed models, primarily 1:43
* [[Miniatures du Mont-blanc]] - French manufacturer 1:43 (Berliet, Chevrolet, Saviem, Renault, Citroën, Jeep...)
* [[Minimarque 43]]- handbuilt 1:43 white metal cars
* [[Model Factory Hiro]] - Japanese resin kit manufacturer
* [[Model Products Corporation|MPC]]
* [[Monogram models]]
* [[Morestone-Budgie]]
* [[Motor City USA]] - handbuilt 1:43 white metal cars (incl. related brands ''Design Studio'', ''American Models'', ''USA Models'')
* [[Norev]] - French manufacturer of models in 1:64, 1:43, 1:18 and 1:87 scales
* [[One43]] - collectible limited edition fine scale model cars in 1:43 scale
* ''[[Otaki Model Toy Company]]'' - defunct Japanese plastic model manufacturer
* [[Oxford Diecast]] - Swansea based UK company coming to prominence in early 3rd millennium.
* [[Product Miniature Corporation|PMC]] - Product Miniature Corporation
* [[Tarquinio Provini|Protar]]
* [[Pocher Model Cars]] - Italian manufacturer, famous for its large sized (1:8) and highly detailed cars
* [[Revell]]
* [[Rietze]] - German manufacturer of highly detailed plastic models mainly in 1:87 scale
* [[Roskopf]] - German manufacturer in 1:87 that was sold to Wiking
* ''[[Rosso Corporation]]'' - Short lived high end plastic scale model manufacturer from Japan
* [[Schabak]] - Made Ford and other German model cars in the 1990s mainly in 1:43 scale
* [[Schuco]] - German
* [[Siku (trademark)|Siku]] - German model manufacturer
* [[Solido]] - French manufacturer of good quality 1:43 and 1:18 scale models
* Studio 27 - high end scale model and accessory manufacturer from Japan
* [[Tameo]] - Italian 1:43 scale model manufacturer
* [[Tamiya]] - high quality die-cast manufacturer, more famous for plastic models and RC cars
* [[Testor Corporation]]
* ''[[Tokyo Marui]]'' - Japanese manufacturer who made briefly plastic model car
* [[Tomica]] - Japanese model manufacturer
* [[Tootsie toys]] - American manufacturer of die-cast vehicles, produced their first model car in 1911<ref>"[http://www.tootsietoys.info/Tootsietoys-1.html A History of Pre-War Automotive Tootsietoys]". Clint Seeley. Retrieved on 2008-04-02.</ref>
* Trumpeter - Nicely detailed kits and models
* [[UT Models]] - Retired brand name of AUTOart
* [[V & V Model]] - From Czech Republic - http://www.vvmodel.cz/
* ''Wave Corporation'' - Japanese resin model manufacturer, no longer produce car kits
* [[Welly (toy company)|Welly]] - Chinese manufacturer exporting widely
* [[Western Models|Western]] - handbuilt 1:43 white metal cars (incl. related brand ''Small Wheels'')
* [[Wiking]] - primarily 1:87 plastic models
* [[Gerald Wingrove]]

== See also ==
* [[Die-cast toy]]
* [[wikipedia:Diecast Collector Magazine| Diecast Collector Magazine]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links==
* [http://www.speedmodelworld.de Speedmodelworld]/ International Motorsport in 1:43

[[Category:Toys]]
[[Category:Toy cars and trucks]]

Erector Set

2008-10-07T16:39:21Z

Summary:

[[Image:2853403043 5859849f9e b.jpg|thumb|400px|Antique Erector Set]]
'''Erector Set''' is the trade name of a toy [[wikipedia:construction set| construction set]] that was wildly popular in the United States during much of the 20th century. Like [[Meccano]], it consists of collections of small metal beams with regular holes for [[wikipedia:nut (hardware)|nut]]s, [[wikipedia:screw|bolt]]s, screws, and mechanical parts such as [[wikipedia:pulley| pulley]]s, [[wikipedia:gear| gear]]s, and small [[wikipedia:electric motor| electric motor]]s. Erector beams have [[wikipedia:flange| flange]]s, which make them sturdier than those of Meccano.

The Erector Set was invented by [[wikipedia:Alfred Carlton Gilbert|A.C. Gilbert]] in 1911, and was manufactured by the [[wikipedia:A. C. Gilbert Company|A. C. Gilbert Company]] at the [[wikipedia:Erector Square, New Haven, CT|Erector Square]] factory in [[wikipedia:New Haven| New Haven]], [[wikipedia:Connecticut| Connecticut]], from 1913 until its bankruptcy in 1967. Currently sold "Erector" sets are actually Meccano sets manufactured by [[wikipedia:Meccano Ltd|Meccano S.N.]] of France, part of the Nikko Group of Japan. They do not have the flanged beams of the original Gilbert Erector Sets. In the U.S., since Jan. 2006, these Erector sets have been distributed by [[wikipedia:Nikko R/C|Nikko America]].

The Erector Set is said to have been the subject of the first national [[wikipedia:advertising campaign| advertising campaign]] in America for a toy. Its great success made it part of American folk culture, although its popularity has faded in recent decades in the face of competition from molded plastic construction toys, electronics, and other more "modern" toys.

Scores, perhaps hundreds, of different Erector Set kits have been made over the decades, most famously the "No. 12 1/2" deluxe kit that came with [[wikipedia:blueprints| blueprints]] for the "Mysterious Walking Giant" [[wikipedia:robot| robot]].

An extensive collection of Erector sets, [[model train]]s, [[chemistry set]]s, radioactivity experimentation kits, [[microscope]]s, and other A. C. Gilbert Company scientific and educational children's toys is housed in the [[wikipedia:Eli Whitney Museum| Eli Whitney Museum]], in [[wikipedia:Hamden, Connecticut| Hamden, Connecticut]].

==Original Video Promo==
{{#ev:youtube|2l8yoBMuw_8|500}}

==See also==
*[[Lego]]
*[[Meccano]]
*[[Steel Tec]]
*[[Tinkertoy]]

==External links==
*[http://www.eliwhitney.org/gilbert.htm Eli Whitney Museum Gilbert Project]
*[http://www.ideafinder.com/history/inventions/erectorset.htm Facts about the invention]
*[http://www.strongmuseum.org/NTHoF/erectorframeset.html Entry in National Toy Hall of Fame]
*[http://www.erector-sets.com/ Erector Site]
*[http://www.nikko-group.com/ Nikko Group]
*[http://www.girdersandgears.com/ Girders & Gears]: a summary site that collects various construction systems.
*[http://www.acgilbertheritagesociety.com/ A C Gilbert Heritage Society] The A. C. Gilbert Heritage Society is a group of collectors who focus on products produced by and information about the former A.C. Gilbert Company. These include Erector sets, chemistry sets, microscopes, American Flyer trains and many others.
*[http://www.newhavenindependent.org/Arts/archives/2007/06/anyone-want-a-2.html/ New Haven Independent article]: Erector set featured in an art installation in New Haven, 2007.

[[Category:Erector Set]]